Archives

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Bakshi Kaa Taalab (BKT) is a small town situated in district Lucknow of Uttar Pradesh in India with a
population of 49,166 (Census 2011). WaterAid India and Vigyan Foundation with the help of Municipality of BKT
has carried out rapid scoping study of FSM services for BKT in year 2018. 93% of the septic tanks installed by
households are overflowing into open drains while 67% households have never resorted to emptying their septic tanks.
Faecal Sludge therefore is dispersed mostly in open environment in BKT town calling for immediate action by all
stakeholders. This paper narrates key findings of study.The study titled “FSM services for BKT” is based on
Household level survey of total 57 households (3 Households from 19 wards) and key informant interviews with
desludging services providers both from municipality and private informal sector. 89% household surveyed were
having one toilet whereas 9 % of household were having 2 toilets and another 2% had 3 or more number of toilets
within households. BKT also has plans under SBM for 2 Public Toilets and 19 Community Toilets. BKT had 8728
families as per census 2011. All these toilets are connected to a so called structure of Septic Tank. 93% of Households
have Pucca (well build house) structure whereas another 5% households have semi pucca (Semi Well Built House)
and 2% households have Kutcha (temporary shelter) structure.
BKT posed a typical challenge of a small town situated very close to big city in terms of absence of sewerage services
and poor management of faecal sludge. The quick assessment of FSM in BKT presents a pathetic picture of largely
unregulated FSM services and recommends for a quick action on regulating and organizing FSM services across the
value chain of safe containment, safe emptying, safe transportation, safe treatment and reuse of Faecal Sludge by
NPP BKT with technical support from external agencies and state authorities. BKT can become, in effect, Open
Defecation Free (ODF) only when the Faecal Sludge is managed safely and effectively.
Based on rapid assessment, the research team suggests a model of FSM services that is economically self-sustainable
to run the transportation and treatment costs of BKT Nagar Panchayat. The model proposed consists of construction
of a 25 KLD Faecal Sludge Treatment plant by BKT Nagar Panchayat and running 3 emptiers of 5 KLD each for
collection and transportation of 25 KLD septage daily to treatment Plant. The desludging charges are proposed to
start with same amount that is being charged currently by private service provider.The scheduled desludging period of
at least once in every 3 years, regulation of emptiers , fixation of route map ,regulation of emptying charges,
monitoring with GPS installed emptiers trucks , 24X 7 Help line for citizens are some of the recommendations from
the study.
Construction and operation of FSTP of at least 25 KLD capacity to begin with, in Mubarakpur area (where the land is
observed to be available for this purpose by municipality), shall be the first step towards organizing the FSM services
by BKT NPP. Since the design capacity is not expected to be used initially completely, it is proposed to collect sludge
from septic tanks from adjoining rural villages as well on a nominal tipping fees and desludging charges as regulated
by BKT NPP. The FSM Model proposed is for small towns and adjoin 8-10 GPs with predominance of septic tanks
and can be Rurban model for achieving economies of scale in FSM services.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Management of solid and liquid waste is an issue in India and Uttar Pradesh. Rapid urbanization and its
reach to villages has made the situation of collection of waste to infinite. Along with this liquid waste is a huge issue.
There is no clear guidance and policy of government at centre or state which can guide to solutions in useful manner.
Landfills or burning of waste is a way to dump all collection of waste happens in rural and Urban areas. In rural area
too slowly it becoming an issues due to lose of conventional practices. Waste dumping is happening in natural water
resources in villages or is either burned. Plastics can be seen logging the water in drains. Excess use of plastic has not
only impacted our environment, it has also reached to stomach of animals specially fishes and cows. They are
subjected to death due to collection plastic in their stomach. Inadequate e guidelines on SLWM and inappropriate
policies make is more pathetic with the increase in the population, the generation of waste increases proportionately.
Swacch Bharat Mission has put lot of efforts towards making the villages open defecation free. One these gram
panchayats are made ODF which is just stopping open defecation by communities and using toilets, there is need to
put additional efforts to make communities managing their waste in form of solid waste of liquid so they are and basic
hygiene is maintained. Also there is need to create livelihood prospect for communities in village itself. Along with this
there is need to find solutions for solid and liquid waste in village itself.
This paper is an attempt to provide some solution which not only tell that the waste can be seen as resource, there are
easy solutions to reduce the waste, recycle, convert it into resources. Segregation at different levels is process which
can done in decentralised manner in low investment with long term effect. This is not only needed in each community
but for planet where we live. To reduce the after effects of landfills, climate change, on human life and water we have.
This helps to not only convert waste into resource, it also helps to think avenues for livelihoods for many.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: It is highly needed to maintain and upgrade those all things which are widely use in our personal and
professional life. The Parking system is very much annoying at this time but the smart is defined as the eco-friendly as
well as perfectly digital city in all the aspects. The report is all about the smart city and smart parking system with the
time saving facilities and better safe and secure environment using certified data by Intelligent Transport System and
latest inventions. This is really necessary to open each and everything about the new smart city which will be our next
life. So, this report has each and every thing in very clear way. The system of smart parking and smart city is reliable
up to at what point is showing in this report with the App-work and infrastructure work together.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Expansive soil is a term applied to any rock or soil that has a potential for shrinking or swelling under
changing moisture condition (Nelson and Miller, 1992)13. Severe damage occur to structure founded on expansive
soil. Soil stabilization is defined as process by which a soil material is improved and made more stable by increasing
the bearing capacity of soil (Joel and Agbede, 2011)8
. Black Cotton soil are inorganic clays and occur in central and
western part of India and covers nearly 20% of the country’s area. These soil are very high when dry but loses its
entire strength when comes in contact with moisture. It is generally observed that these soil develop deep cracks of
varying depth when dry. As a result of wetting and drying process, some vertical movement takes place of the soil mass
and leads to failure of pavement, in form of settlement, heavy depression, cracking and unevenness.
These soils are highly clayey and is so hard that clods cannot be easily pulverized for treatment for its use in pavement
and poses a problem regarding performance of road. Softened subgrade has a tendency to heave up into upper layers
of pavement, when sub-base has a lot of voids. Roads laid on BC soil develop undulation on road surface due to loss
of strength of subgrade due to being soft during monsoon. The black colour of the soil is due to presence of titaniumoxide in small quantity. BC soil has high percentage of clay, predominantly montmorillonite in structure and is
blackish-grey in colour. Nearly 40-60% of soil is less than 0.001mm, and at liquid limit the volume change is of order
of 200-300% which results in swelling pressure of 8-10kg/m2
. Therefore the soil has very low bearing capability and
forms a very poor foundation material for pavement because of its high swelling and shrinking. Soaked CBR is
between 2-4% and thus one can construct a pavement of it but one needs to provide excessive pavement thickness.
The objective of the paper is to review the literature on stabilization of expansive soil using Solid Industrial waste
which includes Fly ash, Cement Kiln dust (CKD), Phosphogypsum (PG) and Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBFS).

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: In the present research work, brick dust and cement were mixed with soil to investigate the relative strength
gain in terms of compaction characteristics and California Bearing Ratio value. The addition of cement and brick
dust was found to improve the engineering properties of soil in stabilized forms specifically strength, workability, and
compaction and California Bearing Ratio characteristics. Laboratory tests such as compaction, Atterberg’s limits, and
California Bearing Ratio were carried out for different percentages of Brick bust, cement and original soil samples.
The laboratory tests were conducted as per Indian Standard specifications. The present experimental investigation
showed that there is decrease in Optimum moisture content, increase in Maximum Dry Density, decrease in liquid and
plastic limit values and also a tremendous increase in the CBR value of the soil treated with brick dust and cement,
thus leading to decreased thickness requirements of the sub-base and base courses.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: This paper deals with the possibility of using fine aggregate and coarse aggregate as crushed concrete
and expanded polystyrene. An experimental program based on one variable (proportion of fine aggregates and
expanded polystyrene replacement) was implemented. The proportions of replacement were 5%, 10%, 15%, and 25%
by mass of aggregates. Several mechanical properties were tested as compressive and tensile strengths. The results
show a good correlation between aggregates replacement percentage and concrete properties. Concerning mechanical
properties, a gradual decrease in compressive, splitting, and flexural strength with the increase in recycled aggregate
percentage is shown.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: In the analysis of Arsenic in water samples the Silver Diethyl Dithio Carbamate being used is a costly
chemical and its solution is prepared in chloroform. This yellow colour reagent is used to absorb AsH3 gas produced
in the reaction flask. It is absorbed by the yellow coloured Silver Diethyl Dithio Carbamate solution containing in utube and changed into reddish colouration. The reddish colour intensity is increased by the increase of arsenic present
in the water sample which is measured by spectrophotometer at the wavelength of 520 nm. Generally arsenic is not
found in most of the samples of drinking water in that case the formation and absorption of AsH3 does not occur in
the solution of Diethyl Dithio Carbamate as the reading shows ‘0’. Thus the solution of SDDC is remaining as such
without any change in colour and that can be reuse for further analysis of arsenic, if collected instead of throwing it
away. Thus under the utilization of the waste the utilization of ‘0’ Arsenic containing SDDC is successfully found
useful and satisfactory for further determination of Arsenic. The used SDDC is also used as blank zero to minimize
any error. Precautionary it should be filter by 40 no. Whatman filter paper before being reused to avoid any turbidity
formed on keeping the used solution of SDDC. Thus the SDDC solution should be very clear to use.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: This study is an attempt to analyse the urban growth patterns using Shannon’s entropy in Roorkee, Uttrakhand, a
growing urban agglomerate in India due to its locational and functional attribute. It has three major national
highways that connect to Delhi, Dehradun, and Haridwar. This study utilises the integration of the Remote sensing
data and Arc GIS to perform a preliminary identification and mapping of the change detection using the classified
data and important driving factors of growth in the city. These factors need to be calibrated using quantifiable
indices-like Shannon’s entropy which can evaluate the simulated growth pattern in terms of the degree of dispersion
and concentration of built-up areas in the different zones around the major driving factors. This index helps in
establishing the likely patterns of growth based on the index values obtained. The results and conclusions can serve as
a planning paradigm for any further smart and sustainable development in the city.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Carbon footprint refers to the direct or indirect emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases
expressed in terms of carbon dioxide equivalent. Municipal solid waste consists of organic and inorganic materials.
Decomposition of organic waste leads to the formation of potent greenhouse gases (GHGs) like methane and carbon
dioxide. The objective of this study is to estimate the carbon footprint of Lucknow subjected to the total organic waste
generated. The city had observed population growth rate of 2.6% per year from 2001 to 2011 which has resulted in the
increase of waste. Every day approximately 4000-5000 tonnes of organic waste is generated in the city. Population
forecasting is done to estimate the population and the amount of waste generated in the city by considering the previous
growth rate. Emission factors are used for estimating the GHGs emission from the waste. The result obtained from the
study reveals that the emissions of carbon dioxide and methane is 745.22 kg/day and 58.71 kg/day respectively which
accounts to the carbon footprint of 1978.1 kg/day in terms of equivalent carbon dioxide. Since carbon dioxide and methane
are GHGs these emissions lead to increase in their concentration in the atmosphere which is responsible for global
warming and climate change.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Diverse waste materials, for example, fly ash, silica fumes, copper slag, devastated concrete has been
effectively utilized to create different materials for building development, for example, concrete , flush doors,
plywood and so forth. Aggregate is a noteworthy element for influencing concrete, to involve right around 70-80%
of cement. Traditionally pulverized rocks are utilized as coarse aggregate and river sand as fine aggregate. Both are
naturally accessible material. Because of quick development of construction exercises, traditional aggregates
sources are exhausting quick prompting noteworthy increment in expense of construction. For sustained
development, these materials ought to be utilized carefully and elective materials should be sought to supplant
conventional aggregates. Expansive number of studies has been done to scan elective materials for generation of
concrete. In the meantime because of quick industrialization, generation of waste material is expanding
continuously. Its disposal has turned out to be a genuine issue. Answer for this issue is to get rid of it by landfilling
on site or utilize this waste for some positive activity. Space for landfill site is winding up expense issues. In
perspective of this the alternative is it is possible that we ought to limit the waste at production level, or use it. India
is the third biggest coconut creating nation on the planet. Ample measure of waste is created by coconut. The waste
coconut shell might be utilized to supplant traditional coarse aggregate. The point of this paper is to deliver issue
related to scarcity of conventional material, issues of disposal of waste material and assess the works done on
utilization of waste coconut shell for production of concrete.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Foundations to various civil engineering structures are generally designed based on the bearing capacity and
settlement characteristics of the soil at the site prior to construction. Modification of soil properties subsequent to
construction due to industrial pollution may cause unanticipated settlements or heaving and possible strength loss, which
are not accounted for in the design, resulting in structural distress and consequent failure.
Ground pollution arises from the impact of past and current industrial activity and due to improper disposal of waste
generated by society. Geo-environmental engineering deals with the most important aspects: (a) Soil pollution processes
and effect on geotechnical propertiesand (b) Waste management. Soil pollutants interaction changes soil behaviour and
also can lead to various geotechnical problems. Extensive literature is available on air and water pollution but little effort
has made to determine how the ground soil responds to these hazardous or toxic substances. At present, most geotechnical
projects design and construction are based on the test results followed from ASTM and AASTHO standards. These
standards are based on control conditions at room temperature with distilled water as pore fluid. To accomplish this goal,
we must understand the environmental conditions as they exist on the ground and their interactions over a long-term
period.
Soil Structure Interaction (SSI) analysis is the study of the dynamic response of a structure as influenced by the
interaction with the surrounding soil. The SSI response is sensitive to the characteristics of the soil, structures, and
ground motion, as well as the depth of embedment. Availability of soil dynamic properties is, therefore, of paramount
importance for performing such SSIanalysis. However detailed soil information and associated engineering properties
may not always be available at the beginning of a project. Therefore, the analyst may rely on simplified yet conservative
methodologies to estimate the dynamic response of the coupled soil structure system to generate preliminary or interim
seismic responses.
This study in the growing stage, given its complexity and excessive simplification of the model for soil and structures, and
should be carried for its significance. An attempt was made to summarize the all terms in the area of study. Furthermore,
parametric study on soil structure interaction behaviour by various researchers is tabulated. The existing problems and
the future research trend in this field were also examined.Consideration for environmental stability of the foundation soil
has therefore become an additional responsibility of the geotechnical engineers. Environmental Geotechniques is realized
to be more of a planning and decision tool to be used for forecasting geotechnical problems that may ultimately arise,
rather than solving after the event has occurred.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: In multistory building there a lot of parameters of concern which need to be considered for the effect of
earthquake and wind load. There are many ways by which the performance of a building during the seismic activity can
be improved. Bracing is one of the best method for lateral load resisting system as it is economical and easy to apply. This
paper compares the response of building with different types of bracing systems such as X, V, inverted V , Knee bracing
and single diagonal bracing. It also compares the seismic behavior of structure under the concentrically and eccentrically
braced frames using ETABs and different methods of analysis like Response spectrum, pushover and Time History
analysis.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Direct emission of biodegradable volatile organic compounds (VOCs), odorous compounds and toxic gases
from the wide range of industries and public sector sources into the environment is one of the serious issues as it leads to
adverse environmental impact and public health risk. It makes the control of above pollutants necessary. This paper
presents an overview on one of the Biological techniques i.e. Biofiltration for the treatment of off-gases which uses
microorganism to break the biodegradable pollutants, the sources of such pollutants and extent of pollutants that a
biofilter can remove. This paper also gives a perspective of various factors governing the performance of biofilters, and
efficiency changes with a change in the type of filter media (peat, compost, chaff, perlite, oyster shells & wood chip), its
effectiveness in various industries along with its principle and basic design.From review it is found that the removal
efficiency ranges from 30% to 100% & its relative cost is very low compared to other treatment methods that make it cost
effective. The main purpose of using biofilter for study is to encourage its implementation at appropriate locations.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Our main motive under this topic is to investigate behaviour of tapered piles under various soil conditions and
examine their feasibility. We have added another feature into the tapered piles, and that is of corrugated surfaces. The
corrugation can be either semi-circular or square in shape. The advantages of using corrugated surface is that the
cylindrical surface area of piles is increased which further leads to an increase in skin friction, thus the load carrying
capacity of the piles.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Land surface temperature (LST) is an essential parameter in various regions like environmental change, urban
land use/cover, heat budget studies and is a key contribution for climate models. LST is the surface temperature of the
earth crust which can be felt when the land surface is touched with hands. This study was carried out in Varanasi district
of U.P. India which geographically lies latitude and longitude 25°10‘N to25°37’N and 82°40‘ E to 83°10’E LANDSAT 8
Operational Land Imager and Thermal Infrared Sensor data with spatial resolution of 30m (OLI) and 100m (TIRS) were
used for monitoring of LST between 2013 and 2018 year of pre monsoon season. Automated mapping algorithm has been
used for calculating the brightness temperature and emissivity which helps to calculating the LST values. At the
conclusion observed that mean LST has been decreased up to 9.91°C between 2013 and 2018 year. But the LST in the
central portion is increased.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: India has witnessed a massive sanitation drive in the recent years and 97% of the country’s villages
have attained Open Defecation Free (ODF) status. But the massive number of toilet construction now comes
with its own set of challenges. To mention a few, the ODF drive in manyplaces led to construction of toilets
not suitable according to the topographical characteristics of the region, for example leach pit toilets were
built in high water table and flood prone areas. This in turn pose risk of contamination of water table and
other sources of drinking water. There are also issues with the faulty design of the toilets. In many areas
large number of people also resorted to the construction of septic tanks. Septic tanks have their own set of
second generation problems like desludging, emptying and proper disposal of faecal matter. In the rural
areas these are mainly done manually.
This papers presents the various models of toilets suitable for different kind of topographies- hard rock areas,
high water table areas, flood prone areas. It also talks about the technical solutions for problem of septic tank
based toilets- faecal sludge management. Papers explains details of interventions, relevance, scalability and
challenges. It shares about models used by WaterAid India in their project areas.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Lucknow Municipal Corporation has 110 wards. There are 5, 38,149 urban households with the
population 28, 17,105 people. There are 281128 households (52.2%) connected to the piped sewer system, 1,73,773
households ( 32.3%) having septic tank toilet, 4,380 households having toilet night soil discharge in open drain and
78,868 households having pit toilet or no toilet as per the records of census 2011. These 32.3% septic tanks needs
regular and well-regulated faecal sludge management services that includes its safe collection, transportation,
treatment and reuse. Vigyan Foundation, a local civil society organization with financial support from WaterAid
India started a research project focused on economic analysis of septic tank services by honey suckers and regulatory
provisions that affect it in city of Lucknow. The research worked to collection for information from various sources
on state of urban sanitation, key informant interviews and data analysis. The purpose of the research study was to
understand the economics of Honey suckers and the impact of likely regulatory developments on their serviceability,
treatment of sludge and reuse of treated waste water and sludge. The research study intends to inform the public
policy on linkages between affordability, economics and regulation of septic tank emptying services and options for
pro poor FSM services in Lucknow. The key findings of the research suggest co treatment of faecal sludge with
sewage at intermediate pumping stations, enforcing service standards by private operators, reducing the security
deposits of honeysuckers, regulating the desludging service charges with affordability analysis of urban poor and cost
of service provisioning and use of modern technology to track the services of each emptier and each user in time
series.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Bundhelkhand region within India, spread across 2 states and 14 districts, is amongst most backward region
in country with 1/3rd of population living below poverty line. Banda district within Bundhelkhand region is mostly
rural, depends on farming for their livelihood but have poor rainfall (average annual rainfall of 902 mm) leading to
widespread poverty. This results into rapidly drying hand pumps due to ground water depletion in backdrop of almost
absent culture of rain water harvesting. Women’s can be observed fetching water from long distances particularly in
summer season in many villages of Banda district.
Akhil Bhartiya Samaj Seva Sansthan (ABSSS), a local civil society organization with financial support from
WaterAid India started a learning project on low cost method of rapid recharge of ground water in rural areas
through roof top rain water harvesting. The project worked on using a cluster of houses for installation of roof top
rain water harvesting system and collecting the rain water from these cluster of houses to direct recharge through
abandoned dried up dug wells in the villages after installation of a filter in between. The objective of the project was to
quickly recharge the first strata of ground water so that the dried up wells are again recharged and can be used up as
safe source of water when deep bore hand pumps for drinking water supply goes dry in summer season thereby reduce
drudgery of women.
The key learnings of the project is that clustering the small roof tops in rural areas and direct recharge of dried up
and abandoned wells , we can recharge the wells in short term and develop them as sanitary well for safe source of
water supply particularly in summer months when deep bore hand pumps goes dry. The learnings from the project
help to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 6.1 in context of Banda and Bundhelkhand in rural and urban areas.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: This the structural design and analysis requirement of the offshore structure supported by the group pile
foundation and subjected by the seismic, wave and current which induced the forces and moment in the fixed type
offshore structure. The seismic response analysis of the fixed type offshore structure supported by the group pile
foundation and subjected by wave and current load, the offshore platform is discretized using the Structure Analysis
Computer Software (SAP2000) which is based on the finite element method, the wave force on the pile can be
calculated by using the linear Morision equation. The hydrodynamic loading on horizontal and vertical tubular
members and also the dynamic response of the fixed type offshore structure together with the distribution of the
displacement ,axial force and bending moment at the pile of the offshore structure at the regular and extreme
condition due to load. The height of the wave is increase or decrease which depends upon the velocity of the wind. The
result of the study show that the effect of the offshore structure when it is only subjected with the seismic force and
effect of the offshore platform by the seismic force along with the wave and current force and also study the condition
of the liquefaction where the offshore structure is placed.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: The objective of this study is to develop techniques for assessing and analyzing land desertification in
Chitrakoot, a city in the state of Uttar Pradesh, as a typical monitoring the area through the application of remotely
sensed data and geographic information systems. The methodology included the use of LISS-III data, topographic maps,
field work and use of other existing data. From this, land cover, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI),
farmland, woodland and grassland maps at 1:50,000 were prepared for land desertification monitoring in the area. In the
study all data was entered into a GIS using ArcGIS software to perform land desertification monitoring. The results
indicate that land desertification in the area has been increasing. Although land desertification has to some extent been
controlled in the area by planting grasses and trees, the issue of land desertification is still serious problem. The analysis
also establish an example of why the summation of remote sensing with GIS is decisive for the monitoring of
environmental changes in arid and semi-arid regions, e.g. in land desertification monitoring in the Chitrakoot area.
However, land desertification monitoring using remote sensing and GIS still requires to be retain, refined for the purpose
of long-term monitoring and the management of fragile ecosystems in the area. Modeling and monitoring desertification
processes are of prime importance for the preservation of the ecosystem and human society. The desertification process
involves many typical phenomena which must be diagnosed and monitored through multi-disciplinary approaches of
physical, biological and social indicators.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: This paper deals with the study of free vibration frequencies of simply supported reinforced cement concrete
(RCC) box girder bridges due to the effects of curvature. Three different types of sections i.e., single, double and triple
cells are considered in the analysis. These sections of span of 30 m are modelled using finite element based software
SAP2000 v14.0.0. In order to check the validity of the present results, a model, available in literature, is analyzed for
dead load bending moment only using linear static method of finite element analysis. A parametric study is carried out
for three different models with varying curvature by linear dynamic method of finite element analysis. The curvature
of bridge is varied from 0o
to 60o at an interval of 3o
. It is observed that the fundamental frequency is not varying
significantly for single and double cells sections, however it is decreased after 40o
of curvature in the case of triple cell
box girder section. This study may be useful to the engineers and designers in the design of RCC curved box girder
bridges.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: India is gifted with few of the world’s most prestigious Rivers naming them as Yamuna and Ganga. Both of
them are heavily gifted with minerals and great source of livelihood. But According to the CSE(Centre of Sciences
and Engineering ),around 80% of Yamuna’s Pollution is due to raw sewage . Ganga is considered to be the most
polluted river in India approximately 1 billion litres of raw untreated sewage is dumped in ganga regularly. Ganga
contains 60,000 faecal coli form bacteria per 100ml, which is threat to not just humans but also to the river itself. In
short our rivers are on point of DEATH. Hence there is Project which is based on the idea of goals of sustainable
practices. Taking into the considerations of the pollution level in water bodies in order to rejuvenate and give rivers
back their life. So, I have made a structure good enough to reduce the amount of pollutant in water by 50% within
very less time. It will not need any out source for energy as it being self sufficient it drives its energy from solar panels
spread over it. Through the basic ways of making water pollutant free this structure can either be installed on an
existing canal, small river tributaries. It will not only improve the quality of river water but all the aspects related to it.
Like vegetation around, air pollution, soil pollution, improving ecological balance and recharging ground water. It is
low cost eco friendly structure and considering the present scenario the immediate need of the environment. We have
always cleaned water in sewage treatment plant where the cleaner potable water goes for human use and same semi
polluted water to the water bodies, here we are trying to return the cleaner water to the river back in order to
regenerate its property to clean itself. We can either make the whole new structure or it can be installed over the older
canals and most importantly near the source of the pollution. The structure and the procedure tend to clean the
suspended particle and toxic waste and improve the overall ecosystem.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Shear wall is a structural element which provides stability to structure from lateral loads like wind load and
seismic loads. These walls are more important in seismically active zones when shear forces on the structure increases due
to earthquakes. They have high plane stiffness and strength which can be used to simultaneously resist large horizontal
loads while also supporting gravity loads. Shear walls are generally constructed from reinforced concrete, plywood/timber,
unreinforced masonry. The shape and plan position of the shear wall influences the behavior of the structure
considerably. Various research studies have been conducted on the design of shear wall and its performance to seismic
forces. In this paper we have aimed to study the comparison between the effects of earthquake on G+5 storey building
with and without shear wall at Zone III in medium soil conditions using STAAD.PRO v8i software.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Noise pollution has been growing as one of the key factor affecting quality of life in urban areas worldwide. Traffic
induced noise is typically the single largest source of noise pollution in most of the urban areas. The paper aims at to
investigate the impact of urban morphology on road traffic noise distribution through 2D noise mapping. Major roads and
intersections of Okhla Industrial area has been covered in the present study. The noise monitoring has been carried out at
various preselected locations of Okhla Industrial Area, New Delhi, India. Thereafter, 2D noise mapping has been done
using hourly average noise levels for Okhla Industrial Area Phase-I, Phase-II and Phase-III. Monitored results of noise
levels indicate that the Okhla industrial area Phase-II has been more prone to noise pollution in comparison to Okhla
Phase-I and Phase-III. The 2D noise maps revealed that the noise levels remain maximum at the centre of the road and
reduce with the distance on either side. The reduction pattern along with noise levels can easily be visualize and evaluated
by using these maps. This type of study may become imperative for decision makers during adaptation of suitable remedial
measures.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Climate change is a serious threat caused by anthropogenic activities like burning of fossil fuels, destroying
of rainforests and clearing land forms for agriculture, setting up of industries and other practices. This has resulted in
the accumulation of vast amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Weather and climate pattern are dynamic in
nature and with an unaffected increase in human activities one can expect drastic change in the near future, with an
increased prevalence of extreme weather schocks.Amongst other, climate change has a major adverse effect on
quality of surface water. It reciprocally detirments traditional balance of water bodies and ecosystems, leading to the
degradation of water quality. To understand the impact of weather on water quality. We first study the surface water
bodies such as river, lakes and streams and secondly the parameters like physical-chemical, biological and micro
pollutants are to be considered. Present Paper discusses the impact of climate change on the surface water quality and
also focus to understand how droughts and floods coincides with temperature and rainfall.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Water borne diseases like cholera, typhoid, diarrhoea, and jaundice are caused by consumption of
microbial contamination in water. For assessment and monitoring of drinking water quality, a group of bacteria
commonly referred as fecal Coliforms is normally taken as indicator. Most predominantly used method for
assessment of bacteriological quality of water in Public Health Laboratories is MPN method which measures
bacterial presence as MPN/100 ml of sample. Another method very predominantly used for field determination of
Bacterial contamination is testing by H2S Vials, however this is just an indicative test and has high probability of
false negative and false positive results. The significance of bacteriological testing in ensuring the quality of
drinking water, warrants for comparative analysis of different methods available for it. In this context tests were
carried out to assess the efficacy of BioMed devices (InTrayTM Colorex TM ECC) based on Membrane Filtration
Technique method through which both E.coli and total coliform can be identified separately by distinctive color
characterization and then counting them in calculative form as colony forming unit i.e. CFU/100 ml of sample in
a single experiment. A comparative assessment of drinking water of different sources carried out in monsoon and
post monsoon have been done to observe the variation in the result by different method of estimation like H2S
vials, BioMed devices (InTrayTM Colorex TM ECC) and Traditional Membrane Filtration technique indicates that
InTrayTM Colorex TM ECC applications are economical, less time consuming. It is also easier to use than
ampoules and petri dishes, which improves work flow and reduces sample exposure and contamination.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: From early days, people use techniques to cross the rivers, streams or any depression without closing or
obstacle the way beneath.This type of structure called bridge.With the advancement of civil engineering several types
of bridges came into existence. They may be like wooden, steel, masonry arches,RCC and prestressed concrete
bridges. Indian Roads Congress categories three types of the bridges lengthwise i.e. culverts up to 6.0 m, minor
bridges above 6.0 m to maximum 60.0 m length and major bridges above 60.0 m. In present scenario minor bridges
are provided over small rivers are symbol of development and prosperity of any region as most of the roads have to
cross small rivers at several places. Bridges are always been an important part of environment too because most of
cases water flowing below is used for drinking, irrigation and underground recharging. Specially in the alluvial
region of India spread from Punjab to West Bengal has peculiar nature. The soil is almost soft in nature mostly sand,
clay and silt, very fertile for vegetation.Water retention and movement condition arealso very high throughout the
year. The population of human being is very dense most part of this land asbeing culturable. There are several type of
water bodies exist in this region such as pond, small drain, small and medium rivers which fell into the big rivers like
Ganga, Yamuna, Ghahgra, Gomti and Sai etc. These rivers are originated from Himalayas or foot hills of Himalaya
and outfall at Bay of Bengal. More than 100 years, a road system for earthen track and pucca has been introduced for
traffic like chart, chariot and motorised vehicle. There were little number of bridges over major riversexist i.e. bridge
alone to cross over the river Ganga except in few places like Allahabad, Kanpur and Varanasi and over the Ghaghra
Algine bridge, Maghighat, Bhatni. But some bridges has constructed over small and medium rivers by Muslim local
rulers and business men which now become obsolete.It is found that most of the bridges are of masonry arches
wooden and trusses has insufficient water and carriage way. After independence the road network system has been
improved to meet out socioeconomic need of people the new bridges has been constructed with standard road width
and sufficient water way.Study has been conducted for existing new constructed bridge system over small river and
alluvial region of Uttar Pradesh to set guidance in future course of action in replacing and providing new bridges to
optimise the need of people.
For this purpose as a particular case for study of small river Reth having maximum discharge 106 cumecs traversing
about 96.2 km of district Sitapur, Lucknow and Barabanki of Uttar Pradesh has been taken into consideration.The
bridge system over this river provided for the road network of the area is almost new and replacement of older bridge.
The replacement of the bridges at different site is varying place to place.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: The increasing traffic density at Lucknow Deva road has emancipated the need of constructing a rigid
pavement in place of the present flexible pavement and simultaneous widening of the road so as to provide to the traffic
load. The current condition of the flexible pavement is not optimal and is getting dilapidated day by day due to the
consistent heavy vehicle movement. Hence, towards the fulfilment of the purpose a small patch of road was designed from
Mati to Sri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: To improve the performance of any structure under seismic condition and future earthquake is very
essential now-a-days because earthquakes have occurred in the recent past in India varying magnitude. So, it is quite
important to develop some innovative techniques, materials and solution for the structural repair, seismic strengthen
and retrofitting of existing buildings. Selection of right materials and right technology is a challenging task for the
structural engineers over some conventional method.
Jacketing is the most popularly used method for strengthen the building columns. The most common types of jackets
are steel jacket, reinforced concrete jacket, fiber reinforced polymer composite jacket, jacket with high tension
materials like carbon fiber etc. In this paper, To compare the axial load carrying capacity of retrofitted square
columns with reference square column of size (240mmx240mmx720mm), hence to determine the suitability of RC
jacketing technique for this. Use of standard and innovative repair materials, appropriate technology, workmanship
and quality control during implementation are the key factors for successfully repair, strengthen and restoration of
damaged structures.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Terrestrial Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is a land-based laser scanner which, combined with a highly
accurate differential GPS, enables us to produce 3D computer models of the buildings, captured area or any laser scanned
structured. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is now frequently used in earth sciences to achieve greater precision and
completeness in surveying natural environments. It is known that the preservation of cultural heritage can help to educate
younger generation through the history. It also helps in conservation and documentation of the natural beauty of the
natural heritage. This paper comprises the application of Terrestrial LiDAR data in conservation of Heritage sites and
enhancing Ecotourism. For the present study Laser scanning of Alambagh gate, Lucknow has been done. The point cloud
data is captured by Terrestrial LiDAR Scanner with the help of Differential GPS. The TLS scanner used for the purpose
is 3D laser scanner P40. Later on the data is processed in Cyclone software. This paper also describe the step by step
collection of the point cloud data and its processing in the Cyclone software. As datasets provided by the Terrestrial
LiDAR system are denser and bigger it implies that the accuracy achieved by the LiDAR dataset is of the order 0.0001m.
Thus, the defects in the structure could be easily identify with the help of TLS. TLS will provide a one-time collection of
the data for numerous applications which my help in 3D modelling.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Bathymetry is the foundation of the science of hydrography which measures the underwater physical
features of water-body. It is modern technique of active Sonar Technology which helps to track ocean navigation,
coastal areas, Reservoir, river and canal. The study focused on providing suitable locations for Dredging and
Training works in Matatila Reservoir. Information about reservoir profile is essential for maintaining water at Full
reservoir level [FSL] and reservoir management. Presently, Bathymetry technique is use of Multi-beam Echosounders [MBES] of variant frequencies for extracting features of underwater in 3-Dimension in GIS enabled
environment. Measurement of water depth up-to cm level of accuracy, under water surface contouring and mapping
reflects reservoir profiles more precisely. Through this, representative maps are prepared to show variations in depth
of water.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: The Rapti River is one of the most dynamic river of Ganga Plain and is characterized by frequent bank
erosion resulting in the shifting of bank line. Today, river dynamics and hydrological behavior are strongly influenced by
human activities in both catchment and inland areas. Knowledge of recent and historical fluvial dynamics and related
structural and morphological changes on the land surface (e.g. Sedimentation, accumulation, movement of the river bed)
is a key factor in assessing the risk of flooding and vulnerability of human resources and structures. The
geomorphological approach for the study of sub-catchment of river Rapti in parts of Uttar Pradesh attains significance of
in view of dynamic changes in Rapti channel and activation of old channel and there water logging during rainy season
and consequent risk to the existing civil engineering projects. Satellite images are permanent pictorial records of the
terrain and remote sensing satellite have the ability to provide repetitative coverage of of the same area at a particular
interval of time. In this study satellite images of the underlying area of Rapti River make it possible to identify and
demarcate the fluvial features and the emergence of newer one switch active and old flood plains of Rapti River. The
emergence of new fluvial characteristics and the degradation of the earlier one is attributed to the channel separation or
otherwise successive channel migration caused by high discharge or floods. Lateral expansion, translation of meander
and cut-offs formation are responsible for altering the planform of the channel. As conclusion, it is shown that the
combined analysis of satellite data information will be very useful in the flood application domain, especially with respect
to risk assessment and vulnerability mapping.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Recent industrial and urban activities have led to elevated concentrations of a wide range of contaminants in
groundwater and wastewater, which affect the health of millions of people worldwide. Zero-valent Iron was the first
material to be used in permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) for groundwater remediation.This report aims to provide an
overview of fulfillment of all the requirements of permeable reactive barrier by zero valent iron. To support this aim, a
fixed bed column was studied in which chromium (VI) was removed. A column was prepared by filling 4 cm thick
layer of ZVI-Sand media (ZVI: Sand is 1:1 v/v), sandwiched between 1 cm thick layer of sand. Chromium feed was
given in downward direction. The Adams–Bohart, Thomas and Yoon–Nelson models were applied to the adsorption to
predict the breakthrough curves. Kinetic models were also applied and best curve fit model was determined.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: This review basically deals with the researches done on national as well as international level on Biomedical
Waste Management. Hospitals, clinics, polyclinics etc. generate large amount of wastes which are non-hazardous as
well as hazardous. This is due to the fact that diagnosis, treatment and surgeries are conducted so wastes are
generated. An Environmental Engineer dealing with various environmental threats also has to place great emphasis
on biomedical wastes and their effective treatment so as to avoid spreading of diseases and infections in the hospital
premises. The domain of biomedical waste management is of great importance and has to be followed strictly. The
various techniques for effective Biomedical Waste management will be dealt in this review article.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: One of the mostly used materials for construction purpose presently is concrete and the reason behind its use is its good
compressive strength and durability. The consumption of concrete in the world is estimated to be around 12 billion tons
every year. The strength and durability of concrete will be fully developed only if it is cured. Curing of concrete structure
is essential if it is to perform the intended function over the design life of the structure. Concrete is needed to be provided
with moisture for a minimum period of 28 days for good hydration and to attain desired strength. Any laxity in curing will
badly affect the strength and durability of concrete. An area like sea side, or the area where saline water is available for
the curing, is a scarcity of pure water where curing with normal water is difficult and in cases where large areas like
pavements have to be cured.
In this paper, we study the different tests analyzing the effects of mixing and curing concrete with saline seawater on the
compressive, tensile, flexural and bond strengths of concrete. For testing, three group of cube casted in the laboratory, in
which six cubes of concrete mixes were mixed and cured in fresh water, six cubes were mixed and cured in seawater,
while four cubes were mixed with fresh water and cured in seawater. These cubes were cured for 7, 14, 21, 28 days and
were tested for compressive strength. For this concrete cubes were cast for a design mix of M-20, 1:1.777:2.826 by weight
and 0.45 water cement ratio.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: My project report is on precast and merits of precast structure where my part is to identify various
factors which gives signification importance to precast fabrication with respect to cast in situ. i.e. the importance of
precast in today is world in especially with reference to speedy, saves cost effective construction for developing
nation like over India In this research we have studied various The debate on the use and abuse of plastics vis-a-vis
environmental protection can go on, without yielding results until practical steps are initiated at the grassroots
level by everyone who is in a position to do something about it. The plastic wastes could be used in road
construction and the field tests withstood the stress and proved that plastic wastes used after proper processing as
an additive would enhance the life of the roads and also solve environmental problems. The present write-up
highlights the developments in using plastics waste to make USE OF WASTE PLASTIC IN ROAD
CONSTRUCTION s. Plastic is everywhere in today’s lifestyle. It is used for packaging, protecting, serving, and
even disposing of all kinds of consumer goods. With the industrial revolution, mass production of goods started and
plastic seemed to be a cheaper and effective raw material. Today, every vital sector of the economy starting from
agriculture to packaging, automobile, building construction, communication or infotech has been virtually
revolutionised by the applications of plastics. Use of this non-biodegradable (according to recent studies, plastics
can stay unchanged for as long as 4500 years on earth) product is growing rapidly and the problem is what to do
with plastic-waste. Studies have linked the improper disposal of plastic to problems as distant as breast cancer,
reproductive problems in humans and animals, genital abnormalities and even a decline in human sperm count
and quality. If a ban is put on the use of plastics on emotional grounds, the real cost would be much higher, the
inconvenience much more, the chances of damage or contamination much greater. The risks to the family health
and safety would increase and, above all the environmental burden would be manifold. Hence the question is not
‘plastics vs no plastics’ but it is more concerned with the judicious use and re-use of plastic-waste.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Water present below the earth surface in the pore spaces of the soil and the fractures present in the rocks are called
groundwater. With the continuous increase in the water demand at industrial, agriculture and domestic level,
groundwater availability in the area is falling. Since the 1960s, numerical modeling is often used for prediction of
groundwater level and its condition in the concerning region. The aim of this paper is the use of numerical models to
simulate the groundwater flow. Solutions to many issues related to groundwater flow require mathematical modeling.
Commonly used models for solving groundwater flow equations - finite difference method (FDM) or finite element
method (FEM) are at present proven tools of hydro-geologists. The most popular MODFLOW based FDM algorithm has
been tested in thousands of cases and is now the standard in groundwater flow modeling. Apart from the known
advantages of numerical modeling based on FDM or FEM methods, their disadvantage might be the need of extensive
discretization of the modeled area and finding a compromise between the accuracy and complexity of the numerical
model. In this paper, a steady state groundwater model was developed using FDM and AEM methods. Before
conceptualization of the model, different input data was generated in a GIS environment whereas image classification
exercise was performed to compute the land use map of the area. From the results, it was found that AEM does not
require a fixed boundary condition and in FDM pumping wells are approximately located and averaged over the cell
which becomes a cause of inaccurate location of wells which does not give an accurate result for that cell. This study can
be very helpful for groundwater professionals in deciding the best suitable method for their study area.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Various contaminants had already been reported polluting the groundwater resources of Uttar Pradesh.
Consumption of unfit drinking water may lead to various health hazards. These hazards may be due to presence of
pollutants like fluoride, nitrate, arsenic, salinity, TDS, heavy metals, etc. This paper highlights the various types of
contaminates in groundwater of the Indo-Gangetic Plains. It also highlights the mechanism of groundwater
contaminations which could be due to natural and/or anthropogenic activities. Various remedial measures are also
discussed that could be used to provide safe drinking water. It was realized that there are few drawbacks in the old
established technologies for these remedial measures, like the operating and purchasing of few techniques are
expensive and need electricity, few techniques have disposal problem of adsorbent, few of them need skilled persons
for operation and maintenance, etc. Thus, there is an alarming need to develop a new kind of filter for consumption
of safe drinking water specially for the rural population living in the area. The paper also highlights the various types
of bio-adsorbent materials that could be for making a cost-effective filters that would be easy to operate and
maintained by rural people.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: High rise construction and the depth of underground levels in buildings has increased significantly in recent years
due to the greater demand for space in high-density urban areas. The taller we go, larger is the space required for
parking vehicles. Hence, basement construction has become inevitable in residential and commercial projects, being
used mainly for parking. Shoring systems are commonly used to facilitate deep vertical excavations for constructing
these basements, where loose soils or highly weathered rock are encountered and stepped excavation is not possible.
The main aim of this paper is to highlight the characteristics of different types of shoring systems and the suitability of
their use. It gives an insight on the design procedure to be adopted for different types of shoring systems such as
Cantilever sheet pile, Cantilever shore pile and Anchored shore pile. Precautions to be taken during construction of
shoring systems are also mentioned herein.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: When a structure is subjected to earthquake, it responds by vibrating. An earthquake force can be resolved
into three mutually perpendicular directions-the two horizontal directions (x and y) and the vertical direction (z). This
motion causes the structure to vibrate or shake in all three directions; the predominant direction of shaking is horizontal.
It is very essential to consider the effects of lateral loads induced from wind and earthquakes in the analysis of
reinforced concrete structures, especially for high-rise buildings. The basic intent of analysis for earthquake resistant
structures is that buildings should be able to resist minor earthquakes without damage. It resists moderate earthquakes
without structural damage but sometimes non-structural damage will resist major earthquakes without collapse the major
structure. To avoid collapse during a major earthquake, members must be ductile enough to absorb and dissipate energy
by post-elastic deformation. Redundancy in the structural system permits redistribution of internal forces in the failure of
key elements. When the primary element or system yields or fails, the lateral force certainly redistributed to a secondary
system to prevent progressive failure.
Several seismic learning of structure have been developed. This paper discusses actions that have been applied
for the dynamic study of irregular structures. In present study, a G+20 storey reinforced concrete composite.
The objectives of the present work is to study the behavior of a multi storied R C building irregular in plan
subjected to earth quake load by adopting Response spectrum analysis.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: This work presents the mix design and the analysis of the strength of rubberized concrete. The carbon
fibre are cut in prescribed ratio and used for the partial replacement of coarse aggregates.
In the proposed research, carbon fibres were mixed with the concrete to form a Rubberized concrete. For a rubberised
concrete mixture, all mix design parameters were kept constant as given by the IS-456 method except for the coarse
aggregate constituents. The coarse aggregate of the concrete was replaced by 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of its weight.
The fine aggregate was sieved using 2.36mm in order to pass through the holes of the carbon fibre to make a strong
contact with cement matrix.
From the some experimental results of compressive strength testing it was observed that both plain and rubberized
concrete developing similar strength over the curing period as expected. For all concrete mixtures, the rate of
compressive strength developed was high between 7 and 14 days and slow between 14 and 28 days. Also it was noted
that irrespective of curing period, there was a systematic reduction in compressive strength with increasing rubber
content of the composite. Some experimental investigation observed that high percentage carbon fibre mixed cylinders
took longer time to crack down because of the elastic nature of the fibres when bearing the loading. Moreover, it was
observed that the above said rubberized concrete did not exhibit brittle failure under compression or split tension.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Himalayan state like Uttarakhand is very sensitive and vulnerable to climate change. Many research data also
indicate the climate variation in Himalaya region and its adverse effect on its climate. The present study is
participatory evaluation of village micro weather station.
Micro- weather station is an initiative of Shramyog, Dehradun based organization. The station is basically a
forum where village children learn about weather by collecting temperature and rain-fall data. In addition, the
forum provides other tool to know their surrounding including biodiversity, night sky, weather prediction etc.In
the present study we evaluated micro-weather stations of three villages of block Salt in Almora district of
Uttarakhand for a period of one year from Jan 2016 to April 2017 and three months in the year 2017 at four
villages. These micro weather stations have been established at Govt. schools located in these villages with the
aid of a non-profit NGO ‘Shramyog’. The trained school children (so called “BalManch”) under the
mentorship of a teacher and a member of Shramyog record the daily weather measurements temperature
average. This report shows the variations of temperature for four months and the temperature variation is
compared with Haldwani temperature model and the temp variation is in similar manner. The comparison
shows remarkable similarity between observed temperature records and model climatologically.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: ETABS stands for Extended Three-Dimensional Analysis of Building Systems. The main purpose of this
software is to design multi-story building in a systematic process. This paper presents Response spectrum analysis of G+7
building by using ETABS. Response spectra are curves plotted between maximum response of single degree of freedom
system specified earthquake ground motion and its time period. The use of the response spectrum to reveal significant
characteristics of ground motion is discussed and the role of the response spectrum in establishing seismic coefficient for
structure behavior. Various research studies have been conducted on response spectrum analysis of G+7 building using
E-tab software.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Our earth has finite stock of natural resources and natural resources are depleting rapidly for
meeting human development goals while at the same time the waste material generated from industries and
other human activities are increasing substantially. As a result, sustainable development becomes a very
important aspect for preserving our ecosystem and securing it for generations to come while still moving
towards development. The sustainable development in the field of construction involves the use of non
conventional and innovative materials and recycling waste materials in order to compensate for the limited
availability of natural resources. Various studies and researches are being performed to find replacements for
conventionally used materials in preparation of cement, concrete and other building material such as bricks,
steel, timber wood etc. Proper studies and tests are required on the modified product made from nonconventional substitute materials to make sure we are not compromising with the stability and durability of the
structure. In this review studies performed on various substitute materials for concrete such as copper slag,
rubber tyres will be compared.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: The aim of the present paper is to study the effect of skewness on distribution of live load among the webs of the
horizontally curved concrete box-girder bridges. In this paper, a 27.4 m long simply supported RC box-girder bridge has
been considered to investigate the influence of skewness on box-girder with various curvatures. To this end, the central
curvature angle of the bridge has been varied from 0° to 48° at an interval of 12° and the skew angle is swept from 0° to
50° at an interval of 10°. Using the three-dimensional Finite element analysis software CsiBridge, maximum vertical
deflection under the webs of box-girder have been determined due to the IRC specified Class-70R tracked vehicular LL
moving over the bridge at constant speed at maximum eccentricity specified by Indian Road Congress. Assuming the
linear elastic behavior of the bridge, the live load has been distributed among the webs in the proportion of vertical
deflections. The study revealed that the live load distribution among the webs is significantly affected by the skewness in
conjunction with curvature. The results indicate that with increase in skewness, live load transferred to inner web
decreases for almost all the curvature angles.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: The increased awareness and valuing of wetlands over the past 50 years has in a large part been due to people
experiencing and connecting with these areas. The dynamics of east Kolkata wetlands has drawn our
attention towards the purification process that treats many million liters of water in east Kolkata. The process
is naturally occurring and has no man-made arrangements. You would be stunned to know that no
chemicals are involved in this treatment process and only aquatic plants and organisms (fishes) treat the
contaminated water. The east Kolkata wetlands is situated at 880 20’ E -880 35’ E and 200 25’ N - 200 35’ N.
Climate here is around sub-tropical and an annual rainfall of 200 cm. The maximum temperature here rises up
to 390C.In today’s world the scarcity of water has shown a major problem to the whole world. Fresh water is
available in very less quantity and quality. Even though water is polluted at a very large scale and no one
understands the consequences of what will happen to our coming generation. As per the rules every industry
emitting waste water has to install a waste water treatment plant in its industrial premises and reuse that water
wherever they can, but the sad part is that no one follows these rules.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Evidence of earthquake-induced sedimentary structures formed by the devastating 1993 Killari earthquake
has been scarcely documented and studied. The evidence found in the Terna River valley in the form of well-preserved
soft-sediment deformation structures are presented here. The structures include slumps, convoluted bedding, folds,
flame structures, dykes and faults. The structures formed are favoured by the water-saturated state of the sediments
combined with several earthquake shocks.
The structures are studied within the twenty kilometer zone of the identified epicenter of the earthquake because it is
believed through studies that more conspicuous structures will be found in close proximity of the epicenter.
These features are interpreted as having been triggered by the recent series of earthquakes, thus providing a
paleoseismic record of the Terna Fault System. A three dimensional digital elevation model drawn from elevation data
using remote sensing-GIS techniques and two dimensional profiles gives indication of topographic breaks and
location of the inferred fault.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: India is facing unprecedented challenges to water security and economic development. NITI Aayog
(Policy Commission) mentioned in its 2018 report that India is facing its ‘worst’ water crisis in
history and that demand for potable water will outstrip supply by 2030 if steps are not taken. Nearly
600 million Indians faced high to extreme water stress and about 2, 00,000 people died every year
due to inadequate access to safe water. Twenty-one cities, including Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai and
Hyderabad will run out of groundwater by 2020, affecting 100 million people, the study noted. If
matters are to continue, there will be a 6% loss in the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by
2050, the report says.

To ensure rural water security in context of household water supply, WaterAid India started a
process of democratisation of water using Jal Choupal at village, Gram Panchayat, Block, District,
state and national levels from 2016-18 in a project based on transboundary water governance and
water security in Ganga Basin supported by The Asia Foundation . These Jal Choupal used the
modules on water budgeting, gender for water and climate change adaptation for water for preparing
people centric water security plans for six Gram Panchayats situated in six blocks of Kanpur and
Fatehpur districts along the Ganga River.
This paper presents the key learnings from these Jal Choupal and Water Security Plan and action
which might be hugely relevant to inform National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP)
policy and action.
The key learnings include the focus on source sustainability through use of rain water surface water
and ground water based on understanding of water quality needed for different purposes,
interconnected ness of ground water and surface water, reducing time taken in fetching water to
reduce drudgery and integrated approaches towards water sanitation, hygiene and health for
sustainable water security.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Construction is one of those industries of the World which require fund in bulk. Investment of any project determines the
strategy of the work and more than 60% of the total cost is only used in the material and dependent upon the type of
project. But, delay in the material supply can affect the project time as well as project capital. Also the wastage of the raw
material affects the fund highly. Construction waste is a serious problem in construction industry.
Effective construction procurement management is a key to success for a construction project. The procurement
management on the construction site plays very important role to minimize the losses, either due to wastage or delays. It
involves considering whether to procure, how to procure, what to procure, how much to procure, and when to procure.
This paper shows scope of construction procurement management with control on construction wastage and delays.
An app (software) is proposed which done their work with Information Technology (IT) and image processing in the
construction procurement and its management. It gives the real time information about the supply of procurement, and
also control on the procurement wastage.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: The solid waste coming out from the industries will help in the conservation Of natural resources. The marble
powder as a waste material coming out from the marble industries by cutting and sawing process and can be used as the
partial replacement of fine aggregates in concrete pavements. Marble powder is present abundantly and degrades the land
on which it is laid. This paper reports the evaluation on the properties of marble dust. The marble dust used as fine
aggregate in replacement of natural sand, as the sand is expensive because of the excessive cost of transportation from
natural sources. Marble powder also has cementations properties and may help in binding the aggregates. The marble
powder can improve Various properties of concrete viz; and reduces the water cement ratio .57 Marble powder is used at
different percentages like 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% & 50% and are tested after test slump and sieve analysis.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: The solid waste coming out from the industries will help in the conservation Of natural resources. The marble
powder as a waste material coming out from the marble industries by cutting and sawing process and can be used as the
partial replacement of fine aggregates in concrete pavements. Marble powder is present abundantly and degrades the land
on which it is laid. This paper reports the evaluation on the properties of marble dust. The marble dust used as fine
aggregate in replacement of natural sand, as the sand is expensive because of the excessive cost of transportation from
natural sources. Marble powder also has cementations properties and may help in binding the aggregates. The marble
powder can improve Various properties of concrete viz; and reduces the water cement ratio .57 Marble powder is used at
different percentages like 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% & 50% and are tested after test slump and sieve analysis.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: This paper reports the study of compressive strength and split tensile strength of concrete using Rice Husk Ash and P.V.C
bits in different proportions. M-30 grade of concrete was taken for experimental study. RHA content was used from 5% to
15% at the interval of 5% by replacing portland pozzolana Cement (P.P.C) and plastic bits were used BY 2%, 3% and 4% by
replacing the fine aggregate. Plastic bits were obtained from waste of pvc pipe screen factory. The compressive strength and
split tensile strength of concrete was obtained at the age of 7 days and 28 days of curing period. The results show that
concrete samples having RHA and plastic fibers showed slightly better strength as compared to control concrete mix.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: This article deals with the usage of translucent concrete and also the advantages it brings in the field of
smart construction, that it can reduce the power consumption of illumination and use of optical fiber can be made and the
compressive strength of translucent concrete was compared with conventional concrete to find its advantage of using
optical fibers for the construction of green buildings. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is virtually no
loss of light conducted through the fiber by means of parallel arrange. The results show that transparent concrete gets
higher light transmitting ratio with appropriate optical fiber by means of parallel arrange along the light direction. The
light transmitting ratio increases and the compressive strength decreases along with the increases of optical fiber content
in volume. Transparent concrete ‘’ can also be called as translucent concrete.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Disposal of huge amount of various types of waste materials like plastic, polythene bags, bottles and
rubber tyres etc, which are generated in huge quantity and causes harmful environmental effect after their disposal has a
big challenge for the recent days. This study attempts the utilization of these waste materials as partial replacement of
bitumen to develop a modified binder, for making bituminous concrete mix. To simulate with the field conditions,
‘Marshall Stability test’ was performed on the samples prepared by partially replacing ‘Optimum Bitumen Content’ with
waste plastic (2%, 4%, 6% and 8%). In this Research we focused on scrapping of plastic waste is a significant issue due to
its non-bio-degradability. Laboratory testing results specify that by using waste materials, bituminous concrete of required
strength and density can be acquired and an environment friendly green pavement can be prepared with less material
cost. The use of waste commodity plastics in binder modification carries the advantage of a cheap and effectual means of
enhancing conventional bitumen binder performance characteristics and is an alternative way to utilize plastic waste. This
waste plastic with modified bitumen mix show better binding property and good stability value.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: A Study of Physicochemical Parameters in River Ghaggar was carried out for post monsoon in Oct.2016. The
water quality was studied at 16 sites at upstream and downstream among the towns traversed by the River.
Physicochemical parameters of the samples were measured; moreover, possible sources of contamination were analysed.
Total 40 parameters were analysed including; Colour, Temperature, Turbidity, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC) Total
Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Sulphate, Total Hardness, Dissolve Oxygen (DO), Biochemical
Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Iron (Fe), Mercury (Hg), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn)
Total Nitrogen, Total Phosphorous, Pesticides, MPN etc.. The findings show that river is affected by industrial as well as
domestic waste water. All the sites were infected by Coliform. This study provides critical information for river
conservation and its protection by suggesting possible treatment of domestic wastewater before letting in the river.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: In civil engineering world, concrete is an inevitable and broadly used building material. As we know,
concrete is good in compression but weaker in tension, there is a need of materials that can be mix with concrete to
provide its better tensile strength. In addition to that in today’s world, the increase in global warming and pollution
increases the requirement of natural eco-friendly composites to minimize the effect of pollution. Among all natural fibres,
coconut fibre (coir) has maximum tensile strength due to presence of maximum amount of lignin. This paper presents an
experimental study of coir fibre reinforced concrete (CFRC) and its strength. Addition of coir fibre in the concrete
increases the various properties of concrete like its compressive strength, tensile strength and split tensile strength.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Aggregate is one of the main ingredients in producing concrete. It covers 75% of the total for any concrete
mix. The strength of the concrete produced is dependent on the properties of aggregates used. Hence need for an
alternative coarse aggregate arises. The aim for this project was to determine the strength and durability
characteristics of high strength structural concrete by using recycled coarse aggregates, which will give a better
understanding on the properties of concrete with recycled aggregates. The scope of this project was to investigate the
possibility of using low cost recycled coarse aggregates as an alternative material to coarse aggregate in high strength
structural concrete. The experimental investigation were carried out using detailed strength and durability related
tests such as compressive strength test of cubes, flexural strength test of beams. The tests were conducted by replacing
the coarse aggregates in high strength concrete mixes by 0, 5, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% of recycled coarse aggregates.
In this paper we have use Recycled Aggregates (RA) use as an aggregate in the production of new concrete was
investigated. The performance of compressive strength produced by Recycled Aggregate Concrete (RAC) and results
are compared with the Natural Coarse Aggregate Concrete (NAC). The RA is collected from local demolished
structure. The studies were conducted with an M30 mix with the selected w/c ratio: 0.43 and the development of
compressive strength of the RAC and NAC at the age of 7 & 28 days were studied.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Due to the problems of slope stability many alternative methods are introduced to ensure the safety of
slopes. It can be done by determining the factor of safety against failure by sliding for a given slope. All these methods
are different from each other in terms of their simplification and accuracy. In this paper the current methods for slope
stability analysis are discussed in detail by the author. Following methods for slope stability discussed below: limit
equilibrium methods, numerical analysis method, limit analysis method.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: This research paper mainly deals about the experimental study on the stabilization of soil using waste materials.
Marble dust is one of the most widely locally available stabilizer material used for the stabilization. Marble dust is formed
from cutting and polishing of marble stone. It is one of the industry generated waste material. It contains a large amount
of calcium, silica, alumina which aids in the stabilization of the soil. The dust is added in varying percentages (5%, 10%,
15%, 20%) and various properties of soil like Atterberg’s limits, compaction characteristics and strength characteristics
were determined.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: This study is review on lime stabilisation (quick and hydrated) lime. A lime is cheapest and traditional
stabilizer for expansive soil. The stabilisation of expansive soil by lime is depend upon cation exchange mechanism,
which leads to the flocculation and agglomeration of expansive soil. Lime-treated soil effectively increases the shear
strength, bearing capacity, durability and workability, improves compressibility of soil and chances of failure is
reduced. A fluctuation behaviour was observed on the influence of lime on soil permeability. However, the factors
affecting the permeability of the soil-lime mixture should be extensively studied. But there has a number of internal
disadvantages, such as carbonation, sulphate attack and environment impact. Magnesium oxide/hydroxide are thus
proposed as a suitable alternative stabilizer to overcome at least some of the disadvantages of using lime in soil
stabilization.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: The solid waste coming out from the industries will help in the conservation of natural resources. The marble
powder as a waste material coming out from the marble industries by cutting and sawing process and can be used as the
partial replacement of fine aggregates in concrete pavements. Marble powder is present abundantly and degrades the land
on which it is laid. The marble powder can improve various properties of concrete viz; compressive strength, flexural
strength and reduces the water cement ratio. Marble powder is used at different percentages like 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% &
50% and are tested after 7, 14, and 28 days. The results are then compared with conventional concrete.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: According to IRC recommendation, the California bearing ratio (CBR) value of subgrade is used for design
of flexible pavements. The design of pavement may affect by the material which is used as pavement material. Black
Cotton soil is expansive soil which expand when it contacts with water and this is the major reason of failure of black
cotton soil strata. The engineering properties of black cotton soil may be used by fibre, ash, lime and sludge etc. CBR
value depends on the liquid limit (Wl), Plastic limit (Wp), plasticity index (Ip), maximum dry density, optimum moisture
content, swelling pressure, degree of expansiveness and permeability of soil or mix specimen. These tests are
performed in laboratory. This research paper deals with design of flexible pavement by using black cotton soil with
20% sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) and different percentage of Coir Fibre. In this research, the fibre (Aspect ratio
60) is mixed from 0.25% to 1.25% in mix of black cotton soil + 20% SCBA. The engineering parameters are also
determined by performed tests. For studying the behaviour of black cotton soil with different percentage of sugarcane
bagasse ash, the Atterberg’s limits (Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, Plasticity Index), standard proctor test, California
Bearing Ratio are performed.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: The solid waste coming out from the industries will help in the conservation of natural resources. The marble
powder as a waste material coming out from the marble industries by cutting and sawing process and can be used as the
partial replacement of fine aggregates in concrete pavements. Marble powder is present abundantly and degrades the land on
which it is laid. The marble powder can improve various properties of concrete viz; flexural strength and reduces the water
cement ratio. Marble powder is used at different percentages like 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% & 50% and are tested after 7, 14, and
28 days. The results are then compared with conventional concrete.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: This study deals with the effects of use of sikament–600 as super-plasticizer in concrete. Indigenous super-plasticizers
help in the economic improvement in the concrete mix. The concrete mixes were subjected to the test of compressive
strength for 7 – days and 28 – days with and without the use of sikament-600.
The study of the effects of different doses levels 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0 % of sikament–600 was studied for
compressive strength of concrete mixes for 7-days and 28-days. The cubes of standard size 150mm X 150mm were
constructed and cured with good quality of water for the respective time period for avoiding the consequences on the
studied compressive strength.
Results based on this investigation show that the addition of a normal dose of the super plasticizer sikament–600
causes the better workability with the reduced amount of water and the compressive strength of the concrete mixes
gets increased when the water reduction takes place due to the addition of the sikament–600. Sikament–600 needs to
be added in lesser amount than the other admixtures so the results become economic with respect to the consumption
of super-plasticizer.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: This Bituminous mixes are used in a flexible pavement to serve structural strength, sub-surface drainage,
surface friction etc. Bituminous mixes classified based on nature of their gradation dense graded, semi-dense graded,
open graded, gap graded etc. Dense graded bituminous mixes are most commonly used in bituminous pavements as
binder course. Bituminous mixes consist of coarse aggregates, fine aggregates, filler and binder blended as per
Marshall Mix Design. As natural materials used for highway construction being exhaustible in nature and their
quantity is declining gradually that must be taken care of therefore present study investigate the suitability of marble
slurry as filler with conventional stone dust.
Marble processing unit produce marble slurry during processing of large size block into flat small size slab. This
Slurry is a suspension of marble fines in water, generated during processing, polishing etc. This slurry is no longer
use in industry and left in low laying area, in open fields, pits or anywhere else. In rainy season marble slurry
infiltrate into pores of soil with water which results into reduction in porosity of soil and increases alkinity of soil.
Fine marble dust suspends in the air and is slowly spread out through winds to the nearby area. It settles down on
crops and vegetation, thus severely threatening the ecology of the marble clusters. It causes respiratory ailments in the
nearby residential areas. When dumped along the catchment area of natural rain water, it results in contamination of
over ground water reservoirs and also causes drainage problem.
So the present study incorporates, use of marble slurry in dense bitumen macadam (DBM) grade I layer with stone
dust. DBM Gr-I layer properties can be improved with the incorporation of waste marble slurry. An experimental
program was conducted to evaluate Marshall Mix properties with marble slurry by using binder VG-40. Marshall
Method was adopted to find OBC with conventional stone dust. Samples were prepared and tested to check whether
they meet the Marshall mix parameter. Aggregate gradation has been taken as per MORTH specification for DBM
Grade-I. Three test specimens were prepared at each bitumen content. In first set, OBC for xi
Conventional bituminous concrete mix was found among varied binder content from 4%, 4.50%, 5.00%, 5.50% and
6.00% by wet of dry mix. In second set, marble slurry blended from 2.00%, 3.00%, 4.00%, 5.00% and 6.00% with
stone dust at determined OBC. At each marble content three specimen were prepared and tested. Properties of marble
slurry bitumen binder compared with MORTH specification. It is found that stability increases up to 4% marble
content and then start decrease up to 6.00% at marble content. Flow value continuously increases from 2.20 mm at
2% marble content to 3.30mm at 6% marble content. Bulk density increases from 2.612 gm/cc at marble content 2% to
2.671gm/cc at 6% marble content. Percentage air voids continuously decreases from 4.96% at 2% marble slurry to
4.07% at 6% marble content. Voids in mineral aggregates (VMA) continuously reduce from 14.366% at 2% marble
content to 13.541% at 6.00% marble content. Voids filled with bitumen (VFB) continuously reduce from 69.50% at
2% marble content to 66.50% at 6% marble content.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Current findings aimed to determine and analyse the drinking water parameters. Physio-chemical
characteristics of drinking water in Kanota Region is analysed by taking water sample from different location (Bassi,
Dyarampura, Herawala, Ricco,etc). This study is carried out by collecting drinking water sample (bore well and
municipal) at each sample site. Data is analysed by collecting collected based upon the requirement and laboratory
analysis of water sample is carried out. Comparison of water quality is done among each areas by certain physical and
chemical parameters such as (hardness, pH, alkalinity, chloride content, TDS, residual chlorine, turbidity, etc.). The
results obtained are compared with the standards for providing better quality of drinking water.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Copper slag is an industrial by-product generated during extraction and refining of copper metal from
copper ore. Presently there are limited uses of copper slag and unused quantity is dumped unattended in the landfills,
which create pollution in the environment. Particle size analysis of copper slag shows that it can be a substitute for
fine aggregate in the concrete during construction of rigid pavements. The principal objective of this research is to
assess the possibility of using copper slag in the construction of rigid pavements.
The cement concrete so investigated can be utilized as the wearing course of rigid pavements on the low volume roads.
Also concrete containing copper slag can be utilized for flooring of causeway, construction of median strip etc. Bulk
utilization of copper slag in the rigid pavements can reduce the cost of construction. It might be a step towards
sustainable construction of green highways.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: As we all know about the disastrous effect of earthquake in past decade, it is important to consider the
effect of seismic (earthquake) loads while constructing any medium or high rise building. Hence to reduce this
adverse effect of earthquake loads on building and to increase the stability, shear walls are provided. Shear walls are
structural members that provide stability and resistance to the structure subjected to lateral forces generally wind and
seismic loads, especially in high rise buildings. They provide adequate strength and stiffness to the whole lateral
displacement of the structure due to laterally subjected loads. These structural members can be constructed from
reinforced concrete, timber/plywood and also from unreinforced masonry. They can be external or internal walls
around lift shafts or stairs and sometimes both. Shear walls have proved to be very successful in resisting strong
earthquake loads so far. In this paper we have aimed to study the effect of providing shear walls on stability and
deflection in 5 and 10 storey building frames and comparing it with the same building frames without shear walls
subjected to lateral forces. We have compared the same building frames in V earthquake zone. A 3-D analysis of
shear wall structures has been carried out using the STAAD.pro v8i software and results are presented.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: This paper investigates the properties of micro-induced calcite precipitation with regard to, surface finish
and sealing cracks in cementitious materials. Mortar and concrete are most widely used building materials all over the
world as they are cheap, easily available and convenient to cast. But crack in these materials is a common
phenomenon during its service life due to many reasons, if unattended timely, will result in long-term structural
deterioration with high level of risk maintenance cost. The corrosion of reinforcement (steel bar) in concrete
structures is one of the most frequent reasons for civil infrastructure failure. Recently, there has been growing
interest in microbial self-healing process due to its potential in long lasting, efficient and environment-friendly crack
repair of concrete. Bacillus, a common soil bacterium can continuously precipitate calcium carbonate (calcite) under
favorable conditions. It is called microbiologically induced calcite precipitation (MICP). This Phenomenon comes
under a broader category of science called “bio-mineralization”.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Desalination generally refers to removal of salt minerals and other impurities from water. Desalination
process is being used worldwide in commercial, municipal and industrial applications. Since there is only 0.3% of
freshwater sources available which is potable, new methods are being developed in order to eradicate the water
demand worldwide in which the most popular method is desalination of seawater. The major advantage of using this
technique is that the ocean is practically limitless and drought proof and seawater desalination provides a logical
solution for the sustainable, long-term management of growing water demand.The main technologies used to perform
desalination are thermal or membrane separation. The first seawater desalination plant to be built is in Texas, United
States in 1961. Since then many countries have adopted the use of desalination which includes India too.Desalinating
the water is very costly but many efforts are being made nowadays to reduce the cost. It has also been considered not a
useful way to provide potable water since these plants consumes a surfeit amount of electricity which is generated by
water. In order to reduce the use of water to generate electricity one such effort is made by Saudi Arabia in which they
introduced the utilization of solar panels which does not require electricity produced by water.This paper discusses a
review study of the desalination techniques, plants being used worldwide and technologies currently used to minimize
the utilization of water to generate electricity.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Concrete is no good when cracked as it defeats the very purpose of its use. Cracks in concrete can be seen
in almost every structure around the world. Though small cracks in buildings does not imply that buildings or
structures are not in good shape, but it surely says that the structure is deteriorating. So what does self healing in
concrete does? It actually heals small cracks in concrete which eventually allows t increase the service life of a
structure. When cracks appear in a concrete structure, the reinforcement comes in contact with CO2 , water and other
chemicalspresent in the atmosphere. The process of repairing cracks when they form is termed as self healing
concrete. Self healing concrete is formed by using bacteria , therefore also called as bacterial concrete. Some types of
bacteria used are Bacillus Sphaericus, Bacillus Subtilis,etc.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: The percent study investigates the effective use of waste plastic as a modifier for bitumen roads. Solid
waste management is the thrust area. The various waste materials, plastic waste and principle solid waste are of great
concern these leads to disposal crisis and environmental pollution. On the other side, road traffic is increasing. The
load bearing capacity of the roads should be increased. Our present work is helping to take care of both these aspects.
Plastic waste consists of carry bags, bottles, cups, and disposals. Commonly soil, aggregates, sand, bitumen can be
used in road construction. Natural materials are limited in nature, its quantity is increasing gradually. If our material
can be utilized in highway construction, the pollution, and waste problems may be decreased. The use of the modern
technology will not only strengthen the road construction but also increase the road life as well as will help to
decrease the quantity of waste in environment.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: The pre-stressing concrete Used for preparing the section is a bit different from the reinforced cement
concrete (RCC.) in concrete technology. The system used for pre-stressing is defined by two methods that are, pretensioning & post-tensioning methods. The pre-stressing by pre & post tensioning device mechanism, introduced for
Anchoring the system in concrete structure element is used for structures. In modern type of Pre-stressing technique
electricity having low value of voltage and high current is adopted in anchoring for a concrete member & A Coating
of sulphur is applied on the steel bars working, as duct material before the casting of concrete member. When the
electricity is supplied in the structure, the sulphur gets melted due to generation of heat in the steel structure and
allowed them for pre-stressing. No provision is required for any duct. The steel alloy structure having high strength
could be anchored by tightening the nuts at both ends. The Pre-stressing in concrete structure is found more effective
then reinforced cement concrete (RCC) technology. So in this paper we will discuss about advanced technique of post
tensioning by replacing duct with sulphur coating on tendon bars.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Concrete is a construction material composed of cement, aggregates (fine and coarse aggregates) water
and admixtures. Today many researches are ongoing into the use of Portland cement replacements, using many waste
materials like pulverized fly ash (PFA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). Like PFA and GGBS a
waste glass powder (GLP) is also used as a binder with partial replacement of cement which take some part of
reaction at the time of hydration, also it is act as a filler material. In this study, waste glass powders have been used as
replacements to the concrete ingredient i.e. cement and the mechanical properties like compressive strength are
measured. Also we were studied the size effect of glass powder on strength of concrete. For checking strength effect of
replacement of cement by glass powder, the cement is replaced at 10%, 20% and 30%. For study of size effect of glass
powder the powder is divided in to two grades one is glass powder having size less than 90 micron and another is glass
powder having particle size ranges from 90 micron to 150 micron. It is found from study, Initial strength gain is very
less due to addition of GLP on 7th day but it increases on the 28th day. It is found that 20% addition of GLP gives
higher strength. And also GLP size less than 90 micron is very effective in enhancement of strength.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Expansive soil is which possess poor shear strength with high swelling and shrinkage. The behavior of
the soil under the application of loads changing its physical and engineering properties. When the expansive soil is
exposed to variation in climatic condition leads to increase or decrease in swelling and shrinkage ratio. These
variations can be minimized by admixtures such as Quick lime, Marble Dust, Kota- Stone Slurry, Rice Husk Ash and
Fly Ash. The present study deals with evaluation of physical and engineering properties of expansive soil which is
mixed with admixtures in a varying proportions and the results by comparing it with standard codes and practices.
The experimental study also revealed that with the increase of percentage of different admixtures like Quick lime, Fly
Ash, Marble Dust, RHA and Kota Stone Slurry there is an increase in Maximum dry density values where as there is
considerable reduction in optimum moisture content for the given soil by conducting standard proctor test also with
the conduction of CBR test by varying the percentage of admixtures like Lime, Marble Dust, RHA, Kota Stone Slurry
and Fly ash in the soil mix, there is a gradual increase in the CBR values with the increase in percentage of
stabilizers.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: The use of groundwater models is prevalent in the field of environmental hydrogeology. Groundwater flow,
fate, and transport models have been applied to investigate a wide variety of hydro geological conditions. Groundwater
flow models are used to calculate the rate and direction of movement of groundwater through aquifers and confining
units in the subsurface. Fate and transport models estimate the concentration of a chemical in groundwater
beginning at its point of introduction to the environment to locations down gradient of the source. Fate and transport
models require the development of a calibrated groundwater flow model or, at a minimum, an accurate determination
of the velocity and direction of groundwater flow that has been based on field data.
The present work presents a simple ground water modeling spreadsheet template developed in Excel with macros
written in Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). It is based on Finite Difference method and can be used to model an
aquifer of any shape and size. The given template can be expanded to build groundwater flow models of virtually
unlimited number of nodes. The final modelled heads, at each node, can be output as XYZ file, which can be girded
by any contouring software to produce contour maps and 3D surfaces. By using excel solver we can minimize the
error, thus get the optimal solution. Mat lab coding was used to show the effect of pumping on water table.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: With the expanding population and the decrease of accessible land, to an ever-increasing extent development
of building and other structural designing structures must be done on weak and soft soil. The weak soil has low
bearing strength and high shrinkage, and swelling an extraordinary decent variety of ground improvement systems
such as soil stabilization is done to enhance the properties of soil. To solve the above problem by replacing the clay
soil with the additive in different percentage of brick dust 5%,10%,15%,20%,25 %, 30% by weight and the test are
performed on plain soil and the additive soil. The tests are liquid limit test, plastic test, proctor test, California bearing
ratio test. A comparison of plain clay soil and the soil mixed with burnt brick dust is performed which shows us that
burnt brick enhance a property of clay soil. Burnt brick dust is a waste material generated from the brick kiln and the
disposal of brick dust is an issue for our environment in this study the disposal of brick waste with its effective use in
soil stabilization.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Age solidifying of bitumen has for quite some time been proclaimed as one of the fundamental factors that
can essentially influence the strength of bituminous clearing materials. The examination explored the maturing
properties of altered bitumen entrance grade PG 30/40 and 60/70 (binder). The maturing was reproduced utilizing the
rolling thin film oven (RTFOT) and pressure aging vessel (PAV) for short term and long term maturing generation
and lying of black-top blends, however the genuine time of long term maturing in the field changes relying upon
clearing times and utilization .The exact tests, which incorporate softening point test & penetration test, were directed
to learn the binder consistency and furthermore the viscosity of bitumen was researched when maturing. The RTFOT
was led at 163˚C for 90 min, and PAV for 20 hrs. Results from the investigation demonstrated that maturing brought
about oxidation of the bitumen with increment in the firmness of the binder. It was seen that maturing expanded the
consistency, diminished the bitumen entrance and expanded the conditioning purpose of the changed bitumen. It
could be inferred that maturing builds hardness, in this way diminishing the infiltration and expanding the binder
relaxing point and consistency. At the point when the bitumen is age solidified, the black-top blend will wind up
fragile and its capacity to help traffic-instigated stresses and strains may altogether diminish. Weakening of the
asphalt by promptly actuated breaking may pursue. What's more, intemperate solidifying can likewise debilitate the
bond between the bitumen and total, bringing about loss of materials at the surface layer and produce debilitating of
the black-top blend. The low level of field maturing might be credited to low air voids in the black-top blends as well
as abrasion of bitumen oxidation by surface fixing or overlaying. Field maturing likewise impressively varied from
research facility maturing as far as the development of sulfoxides and carbonyl functionalities in bitumen. Contrasted
with the lab maturing, a lot more elevated amount of sulfoxides yet lower dimension of carbonyls was found for the
fasteners matured in the field. This recommends oxidation systems in the field may not be equivalent to in the lab
maturing tests. It was seen that maturing expanded the thickness, diminished the folio infiltration and expanded the
conditioning purpose of the altered bitumen. It could be presumed that maturing expands hardness, along these lines
diminishing the penetration & softening point of the binder mellowing point and consistency.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Recycling and Reuse of waste material can reduce the consumption of fresh raw material. In today scenario
it is very important to make a new product with the help of waste material because natural resources will decrease in a
short time. Most important construction material used worldwide is concrete. Also in the parallel number of
construction and buildings are pulverizing in present time. This concrete detritus have adverse results on the
environment. The reuse of pulverizing debris gives us a good solution to overcome through an excess waste material
problem. Construction industry invents an alternative of Portland cement concrete which known as “green concrete”.
Green concrete is a partial and complete replacement of cement and coarse aggregates. In this paper, we will study
how alternative/waste material and green concrete elements affect the properties compared to normal cement
concrete. Also, we will study about recycled coarse material in green concrete.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Fluoride is a ubiquitous element present in earth's crust and is also being added to the environment
anthropogenically. In lower concentrations, fluoride is an essential nutrient which aids in the formation of bones,
prevents tooth decay, etc whereas in higher concentrations it causes fluorosis, curvature of bones, dwarfishness,
brittling of bones, mental derangements, cancer, etc. and in extreme cases even death. In India, the states of
Rajasthan, Gujarath and Andhra Pradesh have a large number of villages where ground water contains excessive
fluorides. During the past few years, intensive interest in the problem of excessive fluorides in drinking water is a
matter of serious concern around the world. Present study aimed to assess selected industrial waste materials (marble
slurry and fly ash) for removal of fluoride from drinking water in order to find cost effective adsorbent. The influence
of various operational parameters viz. effect of adsorbent dose, pH, initial concentration and contact time were
studied by a series of batch adsorption experiments. This study revealed that marble slurry and fly ash adsorbent are
easily available and could be easily applied in order to reduce the fluoride pollution from drinking water.

Research Paper Pg. -

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Day by day we are consuming our natural resources continuously for used in concrete production. Our
country producing large amount of construction waste and this waste required large land for disposal and the waste also
create environment pollution. Many researches were introduced for recycled this waste in replacement of cement, sand
and aggregate in concrete production without sacrificing the strength. This paper is based on the reuse of demolition
waste in concrete as partial replacement of coarse aggregate. The use of waste in concrete is useful for both
environmental aspects and economical aspects.
The waste collected near the vit campus and separated by mechanical procedures and used as a partial replacement of
coarse aggregate and for increasing the binding property used silica fume. The taste were carried out for measuring and
comparing the different properties of recycled aggregate and pure aggregate for replacement of 5%, 15% and 25%. Silica
fume is taken as 10% of total weight of cement. These tastes were carried for 7 days and 28 days.