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Research Paper Pg. 01-07

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Abstract: The aim of this paper is to study dry sliding behaviour of Al6061-T6 hybrid metal matrix composite reinforced with nickel powder and silicon carbide. The composite sample are prepared by stir casting method with different percentage of Nickel powder (0,0.5,1,1.5 %wt. percentage) and fixed percentage of silicon carbide(2% wt).Wear test was performed on pin –on- disc tribometer. SEM analysis was done to confirm Uniform distribution of reinforcing particles. Taguchi’s L16 orthogonal array (4 x 4) was used for design of experiments to evaluate dry sliding wear performance namely, wear rate. Percentage of filler content (0, 0.5, 1 and1.5 % wt) applied load (10, 20, 30 and 40 N), sliding distance (500, 750, 1000 and 1250 m), sliding velocity (1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 m/s) are considered as four control factors for wear test. Analysis of variance and main effect plot was done to determine the statistical significance of control factors. A significance level of 5% is considered for the present study. It is observed that among the factors filler content and applied load have prime effect on the wear rate. Increase in percentage of nickel powder decrease the wear rate while increase in applied load increases wear rate. Whereas sliding velocity and sliding distance have insignificant effect on wear rate.

Research Paper Pg. 08-14

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Abstract: The purpose of this paper to investigate the Physical and mechanical properties of Al 6061- T6- SiC–nickel powder hybrid composite. The composites sample are successfully prepared by stir casting method with different hybrid ratios of nickel powder (0,0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 wt. %) and SiC (fixed 2 wt. %). Mechanical test such as Density, void content hardness, tensile, flexural and impact test are performed on prepared sample. The results indicated that addition of filler content decrease density and increase in hardness, tensile strength and impact strength of composite sample while the flexural strength reduced marginally. The composite sample with combination of 1wt% of nickel powder and 2 wt. % of silicon carbide gives highest tensile strength. It was observed that Silicon carbide and nickel metal powder combination as reinforcements lead to a new composite material with unique properties

Research Paper Pg. 102-107

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Abstract: The pavement structure distribute the load to the subgrade and depends on aggregate interlocking, moisture content, particle friction and cohesion for stability. The overall strength and performance of a pavement is dependent on load-bearing capacity of the subgrade soil. Subgrade structural capacity can improve the pavement load-bearing capacity and thus, pavement strength and performance. Subgrade strength is evaluated from its California Bearing Ratio value. CBR, Density, moisture content and type of soils are dominant geotechnical factors which affect the CBR value of a flexible pavement. If the subgrade is not compacted to an adequate density it will continue to compress causing pavement deformation. Soils containing gravel sized particles are generally over looked and attract much less attention than clay and sand. The present study focuses on the impact of clay fraction on heavy compaction and soaked bearing ratio behaviour of clay-sand-gravel mixture by a series of laboratory experiments. The modified compaction test and soaked bearing ratio tests were conducted on various content of clay-sandgravel mixture. The obtained results are graphically presented and statistically analysed. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to find out relationship for California bearing ratio of soaked conditions. Analysis of the experimental data indicated that there exist a good correlation among observed value and predict value of CBR.

Research Paper Pg. 108-111

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Abstract: Ina keyed shaft/hub connections, problems of fretting corrosion and backlash occurs due to slippage of keys during impact and shock loads. The solution to these problem is elimination of key by using keyless power transmission device to transmit torque. This papers reviews shrink disc as a keyless power transmission device to transmit power between shaft and hub. Shrink disc as a locking device uses interference fit to transmit torque or axial force. In this paper, review of design of these interference fit carried out by different authors by different methods like traditional method (Lame’s equation, compound cylinder theory) and numerical method is carried out. Also the comparison between these methods have been carried out. Also, design of shrink disc based on reliability and dynamic reliability has been reviewed. In this review paper, torque transmission capacity and contact stress analysis of shrink disc compiled by
different authors is carried out.

Research Paper Pg. 112-115

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Abstract: As for as flexible pavements are concerned concrete pavements are more durable, while requiring  less maintenance and having longer life. This paper discusses about the benefits of rigid pavements utilizing bamboo fibre. The study aims to investigate the feasibility of using bamboo as a fibre in pavement quality concrete with different water/powder ratios by adding bamboo fibre. This research presents the detailed amount of fibres used in the pavement quality concrete on trial basis. Since the strength and stiffness of natural fibre concrete reduces with time, adequate precautions should be taken when using natural fibre. To prevent the decay of fibres, the partial replacement of cement with mineral admixture is being recommended. Also using mineral admixtures makes concrete less permeable and less the permeability more durable the concrete is. Bamboo with high percentage of sugars(4.92%)
having retarding effect on the setting and strength development of cement matrix should be kept in concentration and to overcome that, addition of chemical admixtures is necessary to counteract the adverse effect.

Research Paper Pg. 116-122

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Abstract: This paper presents various existing techniques for network security and heterogeneous systems. The proposed methodology for intrusion detection in heterogeneous wireless sensor network is described in this paper. The details of development of the proposed single and multiple sensing detection models with their evaluations in heterogeneous systems are presented here.

Research Paper Pg. 123-126

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Abstract: The paper presents in detail study of one of the largest hydroelectric dam ever built in the human history. The three gorges is landmark achievement in the field of civil engineering. The motivation behind the construction of dam of this scale was to meet the energy demands of 60 million Chinese people. The main hydraulic structure consists of reservoir, dam, PowerStation, navigation facility.

Research Paper Pg. 127-130

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Abstract: The Three Gorges Dam has been built to provide hydroelectricity, flood control, and greater navigation access to the Yangtze River in central China. It is responsible for bringing both unprecedented benefits and risks to the people of the China in general and Yangtze River Valley in particular. The paper presents in detail the challenges faced during construction of one of the largest hydroelectric dam, Three Gorges Dam. For constructing dam, large volume of water has to be diverted. Construction of coffer dam and dismantling it was in itself a huge task. Large amount of concrete was used to build the dam which resulted in generation of large quantity of heat of hydration. The foundation is prone to failure due to presence of large volume of water stored upstream of the reservoir. The foundation rests on weak soil making it more prone to failure. Silting is another issue which can effect efficiency of Power plant. The dam is located in area which is prone to landslides and earthquake. As such area is continuously monitored for any hazard and mitigation.

Research Paper Pg. 131-135

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Abstract: This paper recognizes distinctive thoughts drew in with concede tolerant frameworks for finding the creating topics. We revolve around the diverse methods that can be associated for recognizing the inconvenience making area of center points. The methods used are Probabilistic terrible lead finding procedure, Complex framework examination, Social Selfishness Aware Routing (SSAR) estimation, Secure ultilayer Credit-based Incentive (SMART) plot, Practical inspiration (Pi) tradition, Sprite. These procedures gives diverse techniques to find the unfortunate behavior centers in DTNs, increase the movement rate of a center point, augment the
controlling shows in concede tolerant frameworks, lessen the count overhead

Research Paper Pg. 136-142

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Abstract: Since the earliest ages of human development, civil engineering provides various tools in fulfilling the needs of humans in the form of eminent structures. These structures may be residential, industrial or commercial. Every building has its own life span and within this life span it should stand firmly on its position. Now-a-days, some buildings are collapsing before completing their life span. This may cause danger to the people staying in there. Therefore it is necessary to investigate the present condition of the structure to evaluate performance of the building with the help of structural audit. Structural audit helps to save life and property. This paper brings out the basic information about the structural audit, process of auditing and methods in practice in this process. This has been brought in detail along with the case study where author of the paper was directly involved in auditing process.

Research Paper Pg. 143-147

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Abstract: The damages caused by the flood water to the residential buildings are qualitatively defined by the numerical values in order to assess the damage. The numerical damage intensity scale is used to get the idea of potential destructiveness of flood waters. The numerical damage intensity scales or damage indices are calculated by considering both the structural damages and nonstructural damages in the buildings caused due to the flood water. The damage indices or numerical intensity scales derived are very effective in differentiating the damages in different buildings and hence gives the feasibility of retrofit or repair in the structures. This paper mainly covers the tangible damage caused by the flood waters

Research Paper Pg. 148-157

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Abstract: The Purpose of this investigation is focused on alerting structural engineers to the possible distortions, associated to the steel and composite bridge service life, when subjected to vehicles dynamic actions. In this study, effort has been made to analyse two types of bridge structure i.e. Pratt truss & lattice truss with two different sections (‘I’ Section & ‘C’ Sections) by applying various loads at the nodes of the frame of two trusses. This work focuses on the analysis of truss bridge structure which is most widely used in steel bridge as railway and pedestrian crossings. The basic emphasis has been given to check the total deformation and direct stresses between two types of bridge structure with ‘I’ Section and ‘C’ section. Eight node solid element is selected and meshing is done individually for
each modal. The material property of each material is selected as per literature database in Ansys software. The modal analysis in Ansys is completed to atta.in the total deformation and mode shapes of bridge structure to stay away from the failure of the bridge. As per study, we found out that, the major variations in truss structures. Pratt truss have less deformation and stresses as comparison to lattice truss. And minor variations have found in ‘c’ section with less deformation and stress, in both Pratt bridge truss structure and Lattice bridge truss structure

Research Paper Pg. 15-20

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Abstract: Waste within the construction industry has been the subject of several research projects around the world in recent years. The lean manufacturing is a popular means of continuous improvements that have reshaped manufacturing process, practices and principles globally. Originating from the construction industry, the approach has been used extensively in the manufacturing sectors. Lean manufacturing centred around the philosophy of continuously improving performances by consistently eliminating wastes. Lean construction considers construction wastes as potential wastes that hinder the flow of values to the client and should be eliminated. The aim of the study is to advance knowledge in construction site waste minimization through the lean principles. The main objective of this study is to assess the impact of lean principles in construction using key performance indicators. KPI can be used to help a group to describe their ideas in a pictorial form which has been applied in many different areas; elimination of waste, shifts in organizational behaviour, procurements, quality, and delivery as fast as possible, continuous improvements. After the step, the KPI will be evaluated using those results from which, it will be concluded that, how the construction companies can apply in construction firm its continuous improvements.

Research Paper Pg. 158-170

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Abstract: Congestion of reinforcement and constrained geometric conditions are often imposed design limitations and constructability issues in R/C beam column joints. The seismic conditions of beam column joints exhibit complex force transfer mechanism than any other part of structural system. Research studies identified that detailing aspects and configuration of joint reinforcement will significantly influencing both strength and ductile performance of beam column joint. Use of headed bar anchorage system provides a viable solution than conventionally used hooked bars in R/C beam column joints. Headed bar facilitate ease of fabrication, placement, and reduce reinforcement congestion in the integrated joint system. This paper comprehensively discussed about headed bar anchorage mechanism and associated parametric influence in beam column joints under quasi static and dynamic loads. Further this study
promoted the usage of headed bar anchorage system in high strength conditions of concrete, as the literature expressed deficiency of joint strength. The strength of joint is not at par with its connecting members in integrated joint system.

Research Paper Pg. 171-178

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Abstract: Static Analysis of a MEMS (Micro electro mechanical systems) based micro-cantilever beam using the distributed parameter modeling. The pull-in voltage of the micro-cantilever beam is obtained and the same is compared with results obtained by M.Younis and the analytic method The pull-in voltage thus obtained provided an accurate resemblance with the other approaches The simulation results were obtained by solving the equations in the MATLAB. The method of Weighted Galerkin’s approach was used to solve the differential equation and both linear and non-linear results were obtained. The method predicted the pull in voltage higher than predicted by the reduced order model. The result obtained for the displacement at pull-in was also compared with the reduced order model
and analytical method and result thus obtained turned out be in the middle of the those predicted by the reduced order model and the analytic method.

Research Paper Pg. 179-188

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Abstract: Land use/land cover (LULC) pattern of a region is an outcome of natural and socio-economic factors and their utilization by man in time and space. The increase in density of population is directly proportional to the land use/land cover. The present study shows the spatio-temporal dynamics of land use/cover an integrated survey based on satellite image interpretation corroborated with limited field checks was carried out with a view to assess the natural resources and environmental potential zones of some parts of Mogamureru river of Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh falling in Survey of India Toposheet No.57 J/07. Land use/land cover map was prepared in Arc GIS 10.4, ERDAS Imagine 2014 through visual interpretation of IRS P6 LISS-III data and multi-temporal of the area. The area in terms of LULC can be divided into following classes: Barren land, fallow land, forest, built-up land, agriculture land and water bodies. Landsat 8 satellite imageries of two special time intervals, Landsat 8 thematic mapper (TM) of 2010-2011 have been
obtained via global land cover facility site (GLCF) and earth explorer website and quantified the changes in the year 2010-11. Supervised and unsupervised type methods have been employed using most chance techniques in ERDAS Imagine 2014. The images of the area have been categorized into six exceptional classes, specifically forest, barren/wastelands, built-up, water bodies, agriculture and fallow land. The outcomes indicate that over the past year, barren/waste land, built-up land and fallow land have been changed the total geographical area

Research Paper Pg. 189-191

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Abstract: A cloud computing is innovative technology that is conceptual and infrastructural basis for computing by the new way systems, such as the ERP, Ecommerce applications. The key element of this paradigm is the cloud structure, computing environment and remote servers. It is collected of a various number of highly interconnected processing elements working in unison to solve specific problems. This is true of cloud computing is very expressive technology. This paper gives overview of cloud computing methodology, working & their significance. It also explain the application and advantages of cloud computing.

Research Paper Pg. 192-197

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Abstract: Due to the architectural demand and usage of building in present scenario many building have irregularity in plan and elevation. Such type of building having plan irregularity in terms of slab opening is more susceptible to earthquake forces. Openings in slab can be provided to fulfil purposes like staircase, architectural aspects, lighting etc. Discontinuity in slab increases stress at discontinues joints. In this paper an attempt is made to study effect of plan irregularity over seismic forces for different plan shapes and percentage of openings in slab.

Research Paper Pg. 198-204

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Abstract: Many Multi-storey buildings require open taller first storey for parking of vehicles, retail stores, bank branches, restaurant owing to lack of horizontal space and high cost. Due to this, the first storey has lesser strength and stiffness as compared to upper storeys which are stiffened by presence of walls (either masonry or RC). Such buildings are often called soft storey buildings. Buildings with soft first storey, the upper storeys being stiff, undergo smaller inter-storey drifts. However, the inter-storey drift in the soft first storey is large. This paper highlights the effect of presence of soft storeys in the building by study of an example building with different models and incorporating various retrofitting techniques to reduce the effect of soft storeys. Introduction of shear wall represents a structurally efficient solution to stiffen the RC frame

Research Paper Pg. 205-208

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Abstract: Due to rapid urbanization, industrialization, increasing land cost and space limitation, the demand of high rise buildings is increasing. Such high rise buildings are constructed with light weight and high strength materials using advanced construction techniques. This leads the structure to be flexible and lightly damped, which increases the possibility of human discomfort, structural damage and even failure during the earthquake ground motion. A new concept of vibration supressing devices can be implemented to mitigate the response of the structure during dynamic excitation. The existing mass of water tank can be used as tuned mass damper without adversely affecting its functional use with low cost and maintenance. It dissipates energy through liquid sloshing and wave breaking. The fundamental liquid sloshing frequency is tuned to the structure’s natural frequency to obtain maximum vibration control. The effectiveness of the tuned liquid damper is governed by the parameters i.e. mass ratio, depth ratio and tuning ratio. This paper investigates the effect of water tank as a tuned mass damper on a high rise building.

Research Paper Pg. 209-213

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Abstract: India, being a tropical country, most of the rivers flow during monsoon only. The quantity of water available in river channels to meet various water demands (particularly irrigational) reduces marginally once monsoon surpasses. Therefore, to make perennial availability of water in river channels, check dam technology and water storage techniques are under practice. The K. T. Weir technology, a part of above-mentioned techniques emphasizes on water storage by using steel plate needles conventionally. With the reference of effectiveness of FRP needles over M. S. Needles, this paper reviews the use of modern FRP needles over conventional steel plate needles, their design specifications, manufacturing, installation, working, maintenance, durability and cost effectiveness in pocket irrigation schemes. This paper also includes a case study of FRP needles installation in check dams of Odisha state.

Research Paper Pg. 21-26

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Abstract: Construction Productivity largely depends upon human performance. Labor productivity is also a key concept of construction planning efforts and thus construction productivity is primarily dependent on human effort and performance. Ergonomic is the significant factor to maintaining high level of workers’ productivity and eliminate the risk factors in construction sector. To improve labor productivity by applying the ergonomic principles in the workplace is important to consider. The aim of ergonomics is to decrease injuries at the workplace and to improve productivity. Ergonomics is known as a science of designing the job to fit the worker which makes the job easier, safe and more pleasant for them and also leads to save money. Development of establishing ergonomics program can be achieved by focusing on all essential principles of ergonomics.In a workstation the labor productivity gets affected due to discomforts and several other factors such as awkward and static posture, repetition, vibration, force, contact stress, time period, work related factors, environmental risk factors, individual factors, health factors, employee motivation, organization support, productivity improvement. The study aims to identify and evaluate the main factors affecting the labor productivity and also give possible recommendations to improve ergonomics of construction projects.

Research Paper Pg. 214-222

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Abstract: The Cuddapah basin is an assemblage Cuddapah Supergroup of rocks consisting of alternate beds of arenaceous, carbonaceous, and argillaceous rocks with multiple basaltic intrusions occurring as sills parallel to bedding planes of lower successions. The Cuddapah basin is formed over the Archaean Peninsular Gneissic Complex (PGC) in three sub-basins viz., Papaghni, Chitravati, and Nallamalai. The present study is focused on the mineral exploration by structural mapping using satellite image for lead and zinc mineralization around Zangamraju palli and Varikunta through Gollapalli villages, known as z-v belt in Badvel and Proddutur talukas respectively of YSR district. The z-v belt occurs in the south central part of the Cuddapah basin and belongs to highly folded and highly disturbed Nallamalai group of Cumbum formation of the Cuddapah Supergroup. The general strike of the belt is N-S. Zangamrajupalli block lies in the western limb of a major anticline and Gollapalle block on the eastern limb of the basin. Mineral Exploration aided by the satellite data is essentially includes the regional survey for some of the guides of mineralization especially geological, geomorphological, and structural guides. Satellite data form an important source for mapping and detail exploration studies. The detailed exploration study includes mapping of structural controls and delineation of lithounits associated with mineralization. Lead and zinc, which have been categorised under base metals, identified by a succession of lithology, faults, dykes, and alteration data layers. Lead and zinc occur together with other metals like silver and cadmium. Zinc is a silvery blue-grey metal with a comparably low melting and boiling point. Potential areas for base-metal resources were identified ground exploration was carried out. Satellite imagery data plays a crucial role in the identification of structures for minerals exploration. The relatively low and high utility of satellite imagery makes it a technology for explorers.

Research Paper Pg. 223-226

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Abstract: Tree cover is decreasing fast in India, little attention is being paid to the depleting number of urban trees. Instead in the name of development rampant felling of trees for one reason or other is being done like for example, widening of roads, laying new roads, setting up of institutes, industries, airports etc,. But hardly any attention is being paid to address the depleting tree cover. This paper is an attempt to bring about awareness about the role of trees in healthy human existence on earth.

Research Paper Pg. 227-233

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Abstract: The convolution involved in municipal solid waste management necessitates development of new tools which will be capable of processing data inputs of varying formats like Decision Support Systems (DSS) which gives expert opinion in multi objective decision making scenario. This paper conducts a literature review of decision support models and tools that are commonly used in the solid waste management area. These decision support models include study of lifecycle assessment, the cost–benefit analysis and the multi-criteria decision-making. In this paper work is focused on the methodology of CBA in solid waste management. Study is carried out on solid waste management of Bidal village in Maharashtra, India.

Research Paper Pg. 234-241

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Abstract: The paper reviews Zaingeer canal with an objective to make the famous canal to function more efficiently as it was observed that the said canal has undergone various deformities during passage of time as the canal has been constructed some 600 years ago. The main objective of the present study is to have an overview of the present condition of the canal, to study various causes of its deformation and ineffectiveness and then suggesting the remedial measures for its rehabilitation.

Research Paper Pg. 242-251

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Abstract: The traffic in Metropolitan cities is very complex. Since in Indian traffic condition is heterogeneous, road safety is reduceded and congestion has become a major problem to vehicle users followed by increase in delays to vehicles. A toll road is a public or private roadway for which a charge is assessed for passage. It is a form of road pricing to help recoup the cost of road construction and maintenance, which amounts in the form of taxation. The present work is intended to highlight the general problems faced at toll roads. At toll plaza’s the delays caused to the vehicle is prime concern since this delay causes loss of fuel and time. Two typical toll plazas around Hyderabad city were selected for the present study namely 1. Nanakramguda toll plaza which is located at outer ring road (manually operated) and 2. Choutuppal Toll plaza (RFID operated) along the NH – 09 (towards Vijayawada). As design criteria, these Toll plazas were designed in such a way that minimum time should be by the vehicle spent at these queuing areas. With this connection, analysis has been carried out at these selected toll plazas based on queuing theory which depends on certain parameters such as service rate, arrival rate, number of lanes and delays occurring. Regression analysis is conducted using multiple linear regression method and delay models are developed. These models are validated statistically. Further, the collected data is used for developing simulation models by using VISSIM software and the output obtained is compared with observed values. Chi- square hypothesis test is conducted for validation of the developed models with reference to VISSIM simulation results

Research Paper Pg. 252-256

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Abstract: Crack formation increases the permeability of concrete to detrimental substances including different types of chemicals, gasses and water, which upon contact with concrete leads to significant impairment in various properties of concrete including strength, durability etc. Self-healing concrete is considered remedy for this durability issue. Various review papers on self-healing concrete are published. In this paper, various processes of self healing are reviewed (natural, chemical and biological). The main focus of the study is for the biological processes. This paper discusses the introduction of bacteria into the concrete, where the cracks in concrete are healed by induction of specific bacteria in mortar and concrete. This research also emphasizes on assessment of various effects of bacterial concrete on different properties of concrete, (Compressive strength, Split Tensile strength, Durability, Flexural Strength).

Research Paper Pg. 257-261

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Abstract: In our day to day, the usage of mobile phone and camera can be increased in restricted places. The main scope of theproject is to sense the presence of an activated mobile phone and camera from a distance of 10 meters to prevent the use of same in the examination halls. This detector is used to find the mobile and cameras in restricted places like examination halls, theatres, trial rooms etc.,The radio frequency signals are transmitted from wireless camera and mobile phone during video transmission, sharing messages, taking snaps, incoming & outgoing calls. The detector will detect the transmitted signal and it is given to the microcontroller. After receiving the signal, the microcontroller turns on the beep alarm and the information is displayed on the LCD. It is used to detect activated mobile phones and wireless camera by the RF signals which are transmitted.

Research Paper Pg. 262-266

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Abstract: The worn out tires of the old vehicles are discarded and replaced. In most parts of the country these tires are burnt causing numerous environmental hazards. These tires are non-biodegradable and hence have to be disposed off carefully. One of the ways to dispose them is to recycle them. They can also be shredded and can replace many construction materials. This paper aims at using crumb rubber (recycled tires) in modifying the bitumen and studying its properties.

Research Paper Pg. 267-271

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Abstract: Dynamic Analysis of a micro-cantilever based MEMS (Micro-electro-mechanical systems) RF Switch using lumped parameter based modeling. The switching time of a RF (Radio frequency) switch is modeled based on the simple spring mass model. The resulting switching time is then compared for various parameters of modeling like stiffness, equivalent mass and damping that are obtained using various approaches. As the switching or actuation time for a MEMS based RF switch should be as small as possible; it was observed that the trade-off between the stiffness and damping is necessary and an optimal switching time should be one that leads to decrease in the vibrations of the beam and this can be achieved by increasing damping of the system. However that leads to the increase in the switching time. This is then compensated by increasing the stiffness which will lead to the increase in vibrations that is not desirable.

Research Paper Pg. 27-29

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Abstract: Micro piles are used in many applications of ground improvement technique to increase the bearing capacity and reduce the settlements and strengthening of the foundations. Advantages of Micro piles are fast one step installation, simultaneous drilling and grouting, allows the use of smaller equipment at lower cost, allows low overhead, limited access installation, improves the ground (densification), offer higher skin friction, total single corrosion protection by design. This piling system is most economical to both the client and foundation Engineer. Micro pile installations can perforate to hundreds of feet in depth and also each of the piles can support tons of load. This paper deals with a review on Micro pile technology which is a reliable pile system that can withstand large capacity axial or lateral loads with minimum interference to the existing structures. Micro piles became most popular due to their capacity to carry loads efficiently through skin friction and also their installations advantages over conventional pile system. Micro piles have the potential of consolidate micro pile technology with one or more of the other ground improvement techniques to meet distinctive or complex project requirements economically and efficient.

Research Paper Pg. 272-281

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Abstract: The damage index of the flood damaged building is a quantitative tool for defining the severity of damage in the building. The numerical damage intensity scale measures the damage phenomena which governs structural degradation or collapse of the building due to the flood waters. The damage intensity scales reflect the contribution of various damages and their severities in all the structural and nonstructural elements of the buildings. The formulated damage index will help in relating the intensities of the damage in various buildings and hence will help in deciding the feasibilities of retrofit or repair in the structure, ifpossible. The formulated damage index is a very realistic tool in order to determine the structural vulnerability of the buildings. The quantification of damage due to flood waters helps in assessing the flood performance of buildings andfeasibility of suitable remedial measures including retrofitting techniques.

Research Paper Pg. 282-288

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Abstract: India is turning into one big garbage dump. The garbage overflow creates an unsanitary environment which leads to spread of various diseases. To avoid such situations and maintain public cleanliness and health, IoT based garbage surveillance system is proposed. This paper proposes a garbage management system for garbage clearance and the presence of flammable substances by using sensor systems and a public web server. This process is done by interfacing the sensors with Arduino UNO and sends the message to the web server. The level of garbage is determined with the help of the ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04. The presence of smoke in the bin is detected using the smoke detector MQ-2. The system collects the status of the garbage bins and transmits the status data to concerned authority through GSM. For this, an ATmega-328 microcontroller is used. The real-time status about the garbage bin is given to the municipality so that they can take necessary actions immediately.

Research Paper Pg. 289-294

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Abstract: This paper provides an overview of literature on the cost optimization of an existing building using sustainable building concept. Those strategies which are followed for a building to convert it to a sustainable building or green building whereas it reduce the long term running cost along with sustainability. Strategies are for sustainable site planning, Water conservation, Energy conservation, efficient use of material and thermal comfort for occupants. It concludes the importance of sustainability and cost optimization throughout the construction activities and operating which have impacts on environment throughout life cycle which cause greenhouse gases(GHG) emissions, climate change, global warming, ozone layer depletion, water scarcity and so on. These major environmental problems cannot be completely eliminated but can be significantly reduced with a high level. In addition to this these strategies are cost effective throughout long term use, initially are expensive but the premium costs can be paid after some years of use.

Research Paper Pg. 295-303

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Abstract: The surface finish have been identified as quality attribute and is assumed to be directly related to productivity. In order to build up a bridge between quality and productivity, and an attempt is made to optimize aforesaid quality attributes in small and medium size companies involved with heterogenic product demand. This study is carried out to observe the optimal effect of parameters like using the CNC End Milling operation, combined speed, feed and Depth of Cut and its influence on the surface roughness result. In machining, the surface roughness value is targeted as low as possible and is given by the value of the optimal cutting conditions. The Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Simulated Annealing (SA) optimization techniques were used for optimizing the cutting conditions of Alloy Steel 4130. Therefore, the present study on end milling machining parameter, GA and SA using to find the optimal solution of the cutting process parameters for giving the optimum value of surface roughness and Torque. By referring to the real machining case study, the regression model is developed. The best regression model is determined to formulate the fitness function of the GA and SA. The analysis of this study has proven that the GA and SA technique are capable of estimating the optimal cutting conditions that yield the optimal surface roughness and Torque. From the model it was found that feed and speed plays the most dominating role on surface finish and Torque. The roughness tends to decrease with decreasing feed and increasing cuttings peed.

Research Paper Pg. 30-34

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Abstract: Inspite of the efforts made through Ergonomics, the work of dentists had not been eased to fullest. The objective of present study was to introduce the chest rest to ease the work of dentists and thereby decrease musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in dentists. This experiment was conducted on dentists during their working time by studying the postures of dentists using different positions.

Research Paper Pg. 304-312

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Abstract: Researchers are always on the move to innovate something new from their side. Such a work by researchers in the field of biometrics has led to identify the finger knuckle print as a biometric trait with distinct features. There are certain biometric parts such as fingerprint, iris, palm print and now knuckle print. Knuckle contains rich texture that is distinct for each fingers it selves. Knuckle has potential information that can differentiate persons uniquely. System is intended to acquire the knuckle image and process it for data acquisition and generate code map. Code map is a template that localized in database and compare with input code maps. The objective of this paper is to review various existing systems and their methodologies where they are lacking and do not met the desirable precision along with minimal error rates. There are various methods through which a knuckle print authentication system can be developed such as Compound Local Binary Patterns, Gabor Filter, Wavelet Transform, Haar Wavelet, Sobel Edge Detection and many more. The paper intended to review these systems and their flaws.

Research Paper Pg. 313-315

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Abstract: This paper highlights the Reactive power and harmonics problems which is created by voltage and current fluctuations in power system. The harmonic problem causes the effects of equipment damage and Electromagnetic Interference effects in the power system. The expanded hardness of harmonic pollution in power system has attracted the concentration of system engineers to develop a powerful solution to the power quality problems. These equipments known as Passive Shunt filter (PSF’s). To reduce this problem Passive Shunt filter has more suitable because of its excellent performance of harmonic mitigation, In this paper Passive Shunt filter TCR & TSC Combination for Power Quality Improvement method is presented and discussed, The simulation result of Passive Sshunt filter usingTCR & TSC Combination Scheme is carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK toolbox.

Research Paper Pg. 316-320

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Abstract: In today’s developing countries work with concrete is not a big deal but to find various admixtures which will help in improving various properties of concrete is a work to be focused. Mineral and Chemical admixtures are generally used to increase the various properties of concrete. Here various properties of concrete are workability, strength which includes compressive strength, tensile strength and bending strength and durability of concrete. This paper discusses the benefits of using different types of chemical admixtures and their effect on the different properties of concrete. The effect of using chilled water for preparing concrete and the effect of high temperature on the concrete is also discussed in this paper. The admixture is generally added in relatively small quantity ranging from
0.005% to 2% by weight of cement. Over use of admixtures have detrimental effects on the properties of concrete.

Research Paper Pg. 321-328

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Abstract: Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is the promising material for energy storage applications. In the present work pure and WO3 doped (2, 4, 6 and 8 wt. %) V2O5 thin films were prepare by vacuum deposition technique on ITO substrate. The structural behavior has been carried out by XRD and crystalline WO3 doped vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) exhibits orthorombic structure. The surface morphological images of the WO3 doped V2O5 thin films shows granular surface which has been investigated by FESEM. Optical behavior indicates that the band gap decreasing (from 2.98 to 2.77 ev) with increasing doping concentration. Raman spectra were studied, in which several bands observed for these thin films have been explained on the basis of different bending, stretching band lattice phonon vibration modes occurring in the films. The electrochemical analysis results shows the WO3 doped V2O5 exhibits the capacity of about 260 mAh/g after 100 cycles.

Research Paper Pg. 329-332

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Abstract: The aim of this paper is to study in detail various aspects of the largest suspension bridge, Akashi Kaikoi. The Bridge is situated on Akashi Strait. It is a 3 span-2 hinged stiffened girder. It carries 6- lane freeway linking Kobe with the island of Awaji in to the south. The bridge consists of stiffening girders, cables, main towers, concrete blocks for anchorage. The paper presents the structural elements of the bridge, purpose of construction, design consideration, functional consideration and aesthetic consideration of the bridge.

Research Paper Pg. 333-341

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Abstract: The utilization of glass materials in MEMS application escalates over the past decades due to its peculiar properties which generates the need to produce micro-features on glass with supreme surface quality. ECDM has successfully evinced the micro-machining of glass material in which removal rate takes place through thermal erosion that includes local joule heating of the glass work material followed by chemical etching action. Besides, numerous intrinsic difficulties are there that required to be engulfed during micro-hole drilling process such as low material removal rate at higher machining depth (due to non-availability of electrolyte in hydrodynamic regime) and poor machining repeatability. This present study investigates the machining performance of ECDM process by using different shapes of the tool electrode i.e., pointed and cylindrical tool in order to improve the material removal rate. Experiments were performed according to taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array and response measurements (Material Removal Rate or MRR) were analyzed through S/N ratio to identify the optimum range of process parameters. Results exhibited that pointed tool produces more uniform spark consistencies and also enhances the flow of electrolyte; thereby results into high material removal rate due rapid gas film formation. Pointed tool demonstrates the improvement in MRR with applied voltage being the most dominant parameter(64.83%) followed by electrolyte concentration(22.17%) and Inter-electrode gap (3.30%) at higher level of all three parameters (Optimum : A3B3C3). On the basis of experimental investigation, micro-holes were successfully drilled on glass material with improved material removal rate.

Research Paper Pg. 342-346

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Abstract: This paper presents a new algorithm for optimal parameter setting for directional over current relay in multi machine system. Security index has been evaluated using optimization technique in simulation with multi machine system. Directional over current relays instead of recloses of the transmission line, assisted by tripping and blocking function. The fundamental characteristic of shielding tool in the energy system is to come across and eliminate the chosen faulty components as speedy as possible. These proses further purpose an algorithm to break – down the large size problem.

Research Paper Pg. 347-354

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Abstract: This paper presents the effect of surface treatments of tyre rubber on the properties of rubber based concrete. Two types of surface treatments were given to the waste rubber. The rubber chips were treated with sodium hydroxide solution and cement paste to improve the adhesion of rubber aggregates with the concrete matrix. Slump test, Compressive strength, Flexural strength & Split tensile strength tests were performed at time intervals of up to 28 days. The results showed a decrease in the mechanical strength of concrete after the addition of shredded rubber (as partial replacement of coarse aggregates) without treatment as well as a decrease of workability. It was also observed that among two surface treatments the treatment with Sodium hydroxide solution caused an increase in the mechanical strength of the rubber based concrete.

Research Paper Pg. 35-42

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Abstract: Synthesis of surfactant - free zinc tungstate (ZnWO4) nanoparticles was carried out by coprecipitation technique. The synthesized ZnWO4 nanoparticles were characterized by powder X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) for phase analysis, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for morphology, Dynamic light scattering (DLS) for particle size analysis, Ultra-violet absorption spectra for optical properties. The photocatalytic ability was analyzed using synthesized ZnWO4 nanoparticles as photocatalyst for the degradation of an organic dye – Rhodamine B (Rh B) under visible light source. The degradation efficiency was above 95% which evident the degradation of the Rh B dye solution. The antibacterial activity of the synthesized nanoparticles was assessed against the gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were under analysis which shows prominent zone of inhibition. The humidity sensing ability was measured using synthesized ZnWO4 nanoparticles at different relative humidity ranges. It exhibits the sensitivity factor of 1411 with quick response and recovery characteristics.

Research Paper Pg. 355-361

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Abstract: Emerging Internet technologies fetch high demand to provide secure data during the communication process. For this purpose, the steganography approach plays an imperative role in the world. Steganography is basically the art of hiding useful secret data in the cover media, such as images, audio or video. Consequently, it allows protected communication without any information to any unintentional user. There are different researchers already proposed own idea about the data hiding techniques but the quality of  improve the quality. In this paper, a comparative analysis of various stegno-techniques along with the advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The process of image steganography is also described along with an example.

Research Paper Pg. 362-367

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Abstract: Water is essential for survival of mankind on the surface of the Earth. The surface water bodies which act as a source of drinking water are prone to pollution by industrial wastes in the current days. As a result people rely on groundwater sources for drinking, irrigation etc., It has become a necessity to evaluate quality of ground water as it is being polluted to a large extent because of rapid urbanization and industrialization. The present study aims to assess quality of groundwater in Kurnool district. The samples are collected at various well locations and are studied for physicochemical parameters like electrical conductivity, H+ ion concentration, bi carbonate, carbonates, sulphates, and chloride concentration. Thematic maps for each physico-chemical parameter is prepared by Inverse distance weightage interpolation method of Geographical Information system (GIS). The assessment of ground water quality is performed by water quality index, which expresses overall quality at a location. Based on the results potential zones are identified by query builder in ArcGIS.

Research Paper Pg. 368-373

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Abstract: The term construction management is the process of organizing and managing resources such that the project is completed within the defined scope, quality, time and cost factors. A project is a temporary and single attempt undertaken to create a unique product or service, which provides beneficial change or added value. The processes and operations of the system of being a short-term and single undertaking contrast with the permanent or semi-permanent ongoing functional work to create the same product or service over and over again. The management of these two types of works is often very different and also requires varying technical skills and philosophy, hence requiring the development of construction management. The object of the present work is to study the scheduling techniques and construction sequence of work for multistorey buildings and to perform the application of Microsoft project software in planning and scheduling of a RCC building construction. To achieve the above objectives a hypothetical RCC residential G+5 building is considered. The complete planning and scheduling of this building is studied by traditional method used by Architects, Engineers and contractors and is compared by modern software method. For this approach Microsoft project software is used for planning and scheduling the RCC building. Observation shows that Microsoft project software serves as an effective tool for generating Gantt chart for the schedule of a construction project and provides the minimum duration of construction time by schedule crunching and project crashing methods in software. Present work presents good information about the application of Microsoft project software for the planning and scheduling of building construction.

Research Paper Pg. 374-377

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Abstract: RC structures have been the area of research for a very long time. Engineers are concerned of the vulnerability of public buildings due to lack of dynamic consideration in design procedures. In India usually joint is neglected for specific detailing. This design methodology can work only in absence of dynamic loading. If beam-column joint of any structure is damaged due to poor detailing it becomes difficult to repair as it is inaccessibility. This can jeopardize the stability of whole structure. The focus has been to improve building codes and make it mandatory for all the structures to be designed accordingly. One of the most important parameters that has played crucial role in improving the performance of RC structures under dynamic loading is ductility

Research Paper Pg. 378-382

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Abstract: In this work a system utilizing a dry steam (vapor) for cleaning and/or sterilizing and other processes of the same kind is developed. A custom made compact boiler with a heat source is utilized for the generation of steam. A reservoir is provided that contains a mixture of water, cleaning agents or other chemicals. A motor driven pump is used for pumping the liquid mixture into the boiler which is then immediately vaporized and subsequently discharged through a nozzle. The system is configured in a manner that it can be operated electrically under manual control. The interior of the boiler is shaped so that it helps in enhancing the flashing of the liquid. The speed of the pump, flow rate of water, size of boiler, and applied heating temperature are chosen such that a steady flow of steam can be maintained from the nozzle at a desired pressure and temperature.

Research Paper Pg. 383-392

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Abstract: Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is a fast budding rapid prototyping (RP) technology due to its ability to manufacture functional parts with complex geometrical shapes in reasonable build time without any tooling requirement and human interface. It has a complex part building contrivance making it challenging to obtain reasonably noble functional relationship among responses and process parameters. The properties of FDM built parts i.e. dimensional accuracy, surface roughness, mechanical strength etc. and above all functionality of built parts exhibit high dependence on many process variables and their settings. Present study determines the relationship between five important process parameters such as layer thickness, orientation, raster angle, raster width and air gap have been considered to study their effects on compressive strength and tensile strength of the built part. Twenty-seven experiments have been conducted using Taguchi’s design and two different optimizations has been used i.e. MOORA technique and Utility concept. Finally, the confirmation test was carried out to validate the obtained results and the models are validated using analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Research Paper Pg. 43-49

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Abstract: The aim of present investigation is to determine the ground water resource has useful for drinking and irrigation purpose of Yerpedu area, Chittoor district. From that 25 water samples have been collected with different intervals. The physico chemical parameters were analyzed with help of ICP-OES instrument, determine the physicochemical parameters like cations and anions. Based on that, Evaluation of the irrigation parameters like such as the residual sodium carbonate, percent sodium, potential salinity, Kelly's ratio, chloroalakaine indices, magnesium ratio, SAR and permeability index. The Gibbs diagramme was represented the rock-water interaction. The Prominent water type was Ca-Mg-Cl facies.

Research Paper Pg. 50-55

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Numerically investigated the effects on thermal entrance length of non-Newtonian nanofluid flowing through pipe subjected to vibration. Vibration creates swirling effects in the plane perpendicular to the flow which produces chaotic motion leads to increment in radial mixing of fluid and thus, uniform temperature distribution across the pipe results. Effects of volume concentration, solid particle diameter, and for different Reynolds number, evaluated the performance of vibrational flow. This study shows that as Reynolds number increases, the TEL also increases but the rate of increment is much less than the steady flow. Effects of nano particles concentration on TEL was also demonstrated, by increasing the concentration, thermal entrance length decreases as more particle available to start the cyclic process of heat transfer

Research Paper Pg. 64-75

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Abstract: The increase in demand for urban areas resulted in an unprecedented increase in production as well as consumption of construction materials in the building sector. The production of materials requires considerable energy and contributes to pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Efforts to minimize energy consumption and pollution-related to the construction materials is done by measuring the embodied energy produced by those materials. Embodied energy is evaluated by measuring the total energy required by the raw material up to the transportation process. This article deals with the embodied energy of common building materials used in India's construction industry. The construction material with their embodied energy is provided as an input data to the neural network. On the basis of which, ANN trained the system to suggest an appropriate material that release less embodied energy to the environment. The performance in terms of accuracy, mean square error and embodied energy are determined. From the experiment, it is observed that the average accuracy of the designed embodied energy tool is 98.52 %

Research Paper Pg. 76-80

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Abstract: Whenever we think about living, house is the first thought. The construction process involves lot of operations. Modern day construction has evolved radically in recent years. State of art machines, frameworks and infrastructure with modern engineering have become an essential and integral part of the construction. Usage of embodied energy on large scale has emerged as one of the major part of the construction. Embodied energy calculations prior to construction can give us a clearer picture of environmental effect and help us make better material choices. The environment friendly materials can reduce energy cost in long run and help us reduce the environmental degradation. The paper makes an attempt to reviews the previous research to reduce and calculate embodied energy with the use of artificial neural network or otherwise. The use of artificial neural network to find optimum solution for buildings has also been studied. Since construction has become imperative part of world which in turns is causing global pollution, making better and sustainable choices in material selection may lead to a greener future.

Research Paper Pg. 81-89

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Investigations have been carried out in India and countries abroad to find out the properties of bitumen and bituminous mixes and by the methods by which they can be improved to cope up with the above defects of pavements and with the incorporation of certain additives or blend of additives. These additives that are added to enhance the binders are called “Bitumen Modifiers” and the bitumen premixed with these modifiers is known as “Modified Bitumen”. Modified bitumen’s performance depends upon the degree of modifications and type of additives and modification process used. The time period of next renewal is expected to extend by 50 per cent in case of surfacing with modified bitumen as compared to normal period indicated for conventional bitumen. For example, if normal renewal cycle is 4 years, this may be enhanced to 6 years in case of modified bitumen. Full scale performance studies carried out under the ages of Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, New Delhi, Central Road Research Institute , New Delhi , Highway Research Station, Chennai, Rubber Board, Kottayam, Gujarat Engineering Research Institute, Vadodara and Kerala Public Works Department revealed that the use of Modified Bitumen in construction/ maintenance of bituminous roads is cost effective, when life cycle cost is taken into consideration. The choice will in nut shell depend ultimately upon life cycle costing of overlays and renewals using ordinary bitumen and modified bitumen for prevailing traffic and climatic conditions. It will also depend upon the type of the pavement constructed. The need for bituminous binders has aroused due to the pavement failures. Pavement failures are one of the important issues in the entire pavement system. The failure can be due to a lot of issues, such as:
Defects of the materials used
Defects in the construction method
Defects in quality control during construction
Inadequate surface or sub surface drainage
Increase in magnitude of wheel loads and the number of load repetitions due to increase in traffic volume

Research Paper Pg. 90-93

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Every individual wish to live in a safety, serviceability and healthy environment building. Therefore, every engineer should design a building with the most efficient planning and also be economical. In multi-storey frame structures there are many members that are monolithically connected to each other and if yielding takes place in any one of them, then a redistribution of forces takes place. Therefore, great attention should be taken whenever multi-storey buildings are to design, most especially in areas that are prone to earthquake. This paper presents a detailed review of the analysis and design of multi-storey frame structures by using various computer modelling tools. Various Parameter such as story displacement, overturning moment, story drift and story shear are discussed in this paper

Research Paper Pg. 94-101

📋 Abstract

Abstract: Concrete is the world’s most versatile material and reliable construction material, which required large quantities of Ordinary Portland Cement production. Ordinary Portland Cement Concrete is the second only to the automobile as major generator of carbon dioxide. 5 to 8% of world’s manmade greenhouse gas emission is from cement industry itself. To overcome it, in recent years, researchers have focused on finding an alternative to Ordinary Portland Cement to reduce carbon footprint. Natural material will be scarce in future, to find alternative solution by using such waste and also decrease the scarcity of landfill space. This paper is consist of critical review based on various literature. The different research already taken place in this particular area of the commercially available superplasticizer based concrete improves the workability of fresh concrete. The work on setting time of Geopolymer concrete was also studied. The Geopolymer concrete have short initial setting time of about 20 minutes. The Geopolymer with mrtacolin seen good workability but deterioration in same environment is reported. Studies related to effect of various molarity in different types of curing method using various industrial waste is one of the area which still undiscovered for geopolymer concrete. Such type of review is also helpful in explore current status of research in the domain of geopolymer concrete.