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Research Paper Pg. 01-05

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Abstract: Nowadays in India most of the bridge girders are designed as prestressed concrete (PSC) girders. The reason behind wide use of PSC girders is its facileness of fabrication, modest self-weight, structural proficiency and reasonable maintenance etc. Now in order to use PSC girders over reinforced concrete girders or steel girders, it is mandatory to use the materials more economically as compared to RCC or steel girders. This paper presents an optimization of PSC I-girder with respect to economical use of materials. The intent of the present study is to lessen the total cost of girder with respect to materials in the design process of PSC I-girder. In order to optimize the cost, the c/s parameters of girder namely width of web, width of top flange, width of bottom flange, girder depth, thickness of top and bottom flange are considered as variables in the optimization program. The whole design of the optimized girder is done using Matlab function with nested for loops and the designed section is checked against certain constraints as per IS:1383-1980 and American association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) specifications. Optimum design of Igirder is done by the Matlab program which leads to give the optimum cost of the girder.

Research Paper Pg. 06-15

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Abstract: In compression member when we apply compressive force both axial and lateral stresses were produced in member. As axial stresses are compressive in nature, they are carried by concrete easily but lateral stresses are tensile in nature. As Concrete is weak in tension, it causes failure of concrete member by bursting or bulging. Here confinement reinforcement comes into picture by taking lateral tensile stresses produced in the member. Mostly in circular member circular ties were used as confinement reinforcement despite of knowing that helical spirals provide better confinement. Also helical spirals provides stiffness to the member unlike conventional ties. This paper presents parametric study of helical spirals related to confinement and stiffness provided. Parameters to be studied are pitch, loop diameter, and spiral diameter of reinforcement. This study were done theoretically, analytically and experimentally. Theoretically by stiffness and confinement formula using thin shell theory concept of confinement. Analytically by using Ansys Workbench and experimentally by casting concrete cylinders with helical spirals and testing it under UTM for compressive load at 28th day. Total 20 cylinders were casted for experimental study with 3 variation of pitch, 2 in loop diameter and 2 in spiral diameter. This paper shows an optimal pitch, spiral diameter and loop diameter and their effect on stiffness and confinement.

Research Paper Pg. 16-20

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Abstract: In this study effect of steel fibers on the strength and weight of concrete for M 40 grade will be studied by varying the percentage of fibers in concrete and types of fibers. Loss of Compressive strength & loss of weight will be compared and tabulated. Fibers addition results in more closely spaced cracks reducing the crack width and improved resistance to the cracks. Due to presence of Steel fibers in Ordinary Portland cement Concrete (OPCC) has achieved significant improvement in its mechanical properties. There is a significant increase in Compressive Strength of concrete with addition of Crimped Steel Fiber when compared to Straight and Hooked Steel Fiber. The percentage loss in Compressive Strengths of Straight Steel Fiber (2%), Hooked Steel Fiber (2%) and Crimped Steel Fiber (2%) are 5.98%, 6.1% & 5.86% respectively. Similar trend is followed for loss of weight.

Research Paper Pg. 21-25

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Abstract: The phenomenon of liquefaction of soil has been observed since many years but it being the cause of damage of the superstructure due to earthquake came into picture after the Niigata (1964) and Alaska (1964) earthquakes. As Delhi comes in the region of zone IV, there becomes the need for the identification of liquefaction potential. In present project, an attempt is made to study the performance of the piles in non-liquefied zone and liquefied zone of Delhi Metro Viaduct in which the area from Jamia to Okhla Vihar comprised of liquefied zone and Kalindi Kunj to Jasola comprised of non-liquefied zone. With the help of collected borehole log data i.e. SPT data and peak ground acceleration likely to occur at the site, an attempt was made to assess in detail the liquefaction potential of foundation strata by simplified approach proposed by Seed and Idriss (1983-1985). A slow increase in the depth of the liquefaction strata in 2m interval is studied and depth at which the pile can sustain the liquefaction without much structural damage is estimated. With the consideration of liquefiable strata in the said portion, the variation in performance of the piles in terms of time period, fixity, shear force, bending moment is analyse.

Research Paper Pg. 26-30

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Abstract: One of the most common bridge construction technologies in the current world is steel concrete composite bridges. It has these following advantages over RCC bridges i.e. economic nature, speedy construction and low construction and maintenance cost. Owing to these factors a lot of research is being done by engineers and designers on steel-concrete composite bridges. Therefore we are interested to dive into this research. For the purpose of parametric study one straight steel-concrete composite bridge and 4 curved in plan bridges having different radius of curvatures are modelled in MIDAS Civil software. The span length, number of steel I-girders, cross section and material properties all remain unchanged for parametric study purpose. The only parameter that changes is the radius of curvature of the bridge. The cross-section of the bridge consists of six steel I-girders and a concrete deck. All the models are subjected to self-weight, moving load of vehicles as per IRC 6 and their combinations. The parameters such as deflection, bending moment, shear force and torsion for different loads and load combinations are thus obtained for each positions for all the models. These responses are further used for the parametric study of the behaviour of curved bridge with respect to that of a straight bridge.

Research Paper Pg. 31-40

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Abstract: Most of the existing buildings which do not fulfil the current seismic requirements, may suffer extensive damage or even collapse due to earthquake. So to mitigate the effects of vulnerable earthquakes on the strucutre, the base isolation technique and energy dissipation technique is the best alternative as a seismic protection system. The present study is an effort to understand seismic performance of structure with fixed base, structure with friction damper and base isolated structure. In this thesis , a G+5 strucutre is considered and analysed.Total three models of the building frame with fixed base, with friction damper and with friction pendulum bearing are considered. The analysis of strucutre is done by time history method and response spectrum method. The structure is modelled using finite element software ETABS 15.2.2. The building is assumed to be situated in Zone V (as per IS 1893: Part 1) and on medium soil condition. The time history analysis is used to find the seismic performance of strucuture for all three models.Friction Pendulum Bearing (FPB) and Friction Damper(FD) are used for improvement of RC frame building. The procedure of analysis adopted for fixed base strucutre is repeated for Friction Damper(FD) and base isolated structure(FPB) structures,so it will help in comparative parametric study. The results of analysis are compared in terms of storey shear, storey displacement, modal gtime period, storey accelerartion, storey drift etc. and obtained results are presented in graphically and in tabuluar form.

Research Paper Pg. 41-46

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Abstract: Soil contamination is a fundamental issue which must be considered during all construction operations. There were many failures of projects which had been occurred due to ignorance of effect of soil contaminations. In order to find out the effect of industrial waste on engineering property and associated health risk various tests are to be performed like-OMC, MDD Test, Particle size distribution analysis , Consistency limits, Permeability of soil, Consolidation. In order to know the effect of these contaminant on soil properties above mentioned test are performed on virgin soil and after that on contaminated soil having different proportion of contaminations. These tests are performed on the basis of test laid down by Indian Standards.

Research Paper Pg. 47-50

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Abstract: This paper deals with the methodology for the inception of ROBs proposed to be constructed at various level crossings under taken by Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation. The object of this paper is to bring more clarity on the aspects, which may prove helpful to the designers/planners while planning an ROB, by making optimum utilization of the policy of the Railways. We hope, with the proper knowledge of working of Railway department and their requirement, the ROB projects implementation would be a smooth process in the development of the Nation thus realizing the dream of our Hon. Prime Minister NarendraModi and Union Minister for Road Transport & Highways Shri Nitin Gadkari.

Research Paper Pg. 51-62

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Abstract: The design of high rise building should involve the good lateral load resisting system along with the vertical loads acting on the building as wind load will govern in high rise buildings. This paper is presented to show the variation of shear force, axial force, bending moment and deflection that would be developed in high rise buildings with different bracing systems at different locations subjected to wind and seismic loading. For this purpose the G+20 storied reinforced concrete building model is used with a constant configuration and with different bracing system such as diagonal bracing, X-bracing, V-bracing, chevron bracing at different locations. A structural analysis is performed by using software STAAD-Pro V8i and different parameters are studied and compared. The sections of such as beams, columns, bracings sare as per IS 800:2007 based on the limit state parameters. Based on the study it can be concluded that along with the type of bracing the locations of bracings is also of great importance in resisting lateral load.

Research Paper Pg. 63-69

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Abstract: Earthquake generally affects the developing countries than the developed countries .This is due to the lack of seismic guidelines used in design. Ordinary moment resisting frames has to be designed in a special way andhas to make it more ductile for the seismic zones ( III, IV & V)of high intensity earthquakes . Special Moment Resisting Frame (SMRF) is expected to be more ductile in a higher intensity earthquake. So they is specially detailed with a response reduction factor which is taken to be 5.Including shear wall to the special moment resisting frame, lateral load carrying capacity is increased. The present day seismic design method is primarily based on elastic and force based design approaches as suggested in different international standard codes. However, as per the philosophy of seismic design, the structures are expected to be deformed beyond their elastic deformation capacity.To reduce the elastic seismic demand on the structure response reduction factor is taken into account. Values of this R factor, given in many existing standards, are empirical in nature and are typically based on experience obtained and the observation of structures performancein past earthquakes. Various researchers stressed upon the need to evaluate exact R factor through analytical methods, which are based on different parameters governing the structural performance under earthquake shaking. The report presented here focuses at evaluating the R factor for ‘ductile’ RC framed structures with shear walls with two different configuration designed and detailed as per the latest Indian standards IS 1893,IS 456 and IS 13920. The R factor for these structures is evaluated using pushover analysis which gives capacity curve i.e. base shear versus displacement curve using Etabs15.2.2. The R factor thus obtained is compared with the IS code recommended Response reduction value.

Research Paper Pg. 70-78

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Abstract: Water transport is the cheapest and the oldest mode of transport. It operates on a natural track and hence does not require huge capital investment in the construction and maintenance of its track except in case of canals. During the last decades ships have grown larger and larger and the draft of the ship has also increased. Up to now, reliable, theoretically founded design criteria are hardly available. The lack of good design criteria is the prime reason for making researches into the possibilities of an experimental and theoretical determination of berthing forces. A jetty, two design vessels and four different types of fender systems are taken into consideration. The Berthing Energy is evaluated using IS:4651, BS:6349 and PIANC “Guidelines for Design of Fender Systems, 2002” for the largest and smallest vessel. The minimum Berthing Energy from the design vessels is obtained by using the three codes. Using the minimum Energy, the reactions developed for various fender systems is obtained. Based on those values, the fender system best suited for the jetty is found. Using those values, the Jetty is analysed and the Bending Moments developed in the structure for four fenders are considered. For modelling of jetty, STAAD.Pro is used.

Research Paper Pg. 79-83

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Abstract: The structure is said to be smart structure if the behaviour of the structure will change depending on the conditions. To make the structure smart or to make them capable for various conditions mainly there are major two approaches are there. First one is to use some better structural system which is mostly used by all the designers. Lot of work has been done already by this approach. Here you provide moment resisting frames or diagrid structure or tubular structure or different type of bracing or shear walls. The other approach is to introduce some different type of element in the structure. Depending on the material properties and behaviour of the material the amount of use and at which position it is to be used needs to be decided. Not much amount of work has been done by this approach. Researcher has developed new materials called as smart alloys or shape memory alloys. It has got super elastic properties so that on large deformation also the come back to its original shape. So the residual deformations in the structure formed after the earthquake can be reduced and the capacity of the structure will increase. The nitinol is one of the shape memory alloy is used in the steel structure at different locations keeping the train restricted up to 8% only and the effect of that element on other steel element is observed for static conditions. The best possible location is checked for the dynamic condition and it is found that if the steel connections are replaced by SMA connections then the residual deformation and stress in the structure can be reduce to very large extent.